Latest Blogs

What Is Dysentery? Dysentery is an inflammatory condition of the intestine, primarily caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections. It results in severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and sometimes blood in the stool, which can be very distressing. There are two main types of dysentery: bacterial dysentery and amoebic dysentery, each with different causes and treatments. While this may sound concerning, learning about the condition can help alleviate your concerns. Knowing the symptoms and treatments is important for your overall health and well-being. By staying informed, you can take preventive steps and seek medical help when needed. Let’s take a closer look at this condition and discuss how to manage it effectively and safely together! Who Does dysentery affect? Anyone can get dysentery, but it’s more common in tropical areas with poor water sanitation. Practice good hygiene, like washing your hands often, helps lower your risk. Be careful about the water and food you consume, especially when traveling. Stick to bottled water and cooked foods in high-risk areas. Learning about prevention is essential for protecting yourself and your family. How Common Is Dysentery? Dysentery affects around 1.7 billion people each year. Staying informed and taking preventive measures is crucial for protecting your health. What are the Symptoms of Dysentery? Symptoms of dysentery can differ depending on the type. Here are the signs to watch for: Amoebic Dysentery: Most people with amoebic dysentery might not exhibit any symptoms. However, in some cases, mild symptoms can include: Diarrhoea High fever Nausea and vomiting Weight loss Upset stomach In rare cases, the parasite can spread to other parts of the body, potentially causing an abscess. Bacillary Dysentery: Symptoms of bacillary dysentery can include: Diarrhoea containing blood or mucus High fever Nausea and vomiting Painful stomach cramps (abdominal pain) While these symptoms can be quite concerning, effective treatment can help relieve them and support recovery. Does Dysentery Cause Death? If untreated, dysentery can lead to severe complications, including large intestine dilation, acute kidney disease, and even death, especially in young children and the elderly. What are the Causes of Dysentery? The main causes of dysentery are poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene practices. Bacterial dysentery usually arises from consuming food or water contaminated with harmful bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, or E. coli. On the other hand, amoebic dysentery is typically caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with a single-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. Remember our discussion about handwashing? Poor hand hygiene by infected individuals can significantly contribute to the spread of dysentery. Other common transmission methods include swimming in contaminated water, which can be particularly risky, and direct contact with an infected person. Maintaining good hygiene and sanitation is essential to preventing this serious illness and protecting public health. Is Dysentery Contagious? Yes, dysentery is very contagious. Amoebic dysentery usually spreads from contaminated food or water. It can also spread through oral-anal sexual contact. How is Dysentery Diagnosed? If you suspect dysentery, consult your healthcare provider for evaluation. They will check your symptoms, review your recent travel history, and may perform tests like stool analysis to identify the infection. What Tests will be Done to Diagnose Dysentery? Healthcare professionals may recommend several tests to accurately diagnose dysentery: Blood Tests: These check your blood count, electrolyte levels, and kidney function, helping assess the severity of diarrhoea and any complications. Stool Test: This analysis identifies specific bacteria, viruses, or parasites causing the diarrhoea, which is essential for effective treatment. Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy: These procedures allow doctors to visually inspect your colon and collect tissue samples if necessary. Upper Endoscopy: This enables examination of your stomach and upper small intestine for abnormalities. Imaging Tests: In some cases, X-rays or ultrasounds may assess the digestive system for additional issues. These tests are crucial for diagnosing dysentery, determining the most effective treatment plan for recovery, and improving overall health. What is the Fastest Way to Cure Dysentery? For amoebiasis, healthcare professionals typically prescribe antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication and OTC medicines for nausea. Bacillary dysentery often improves on its own within a week, but antibiotics and intravenous fluids may be needed. Home remedies include staying hydrated with water, broths, and juices, while avoiding caffeine and alcohol. Gradually add semisolid, low-fiber foods like crackers, toast, rice, and eggs as stools normalise. How do I Take Care of Myself? Dealing with dysentery can be challenging, but taking proactive steps can help you manage it effectively: Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of fluids is essential to prevent dehydration from diarrhoea. Gradual Dietary Changes: As your symptoms improve, shift from a liquid diet to semisolid and low-fiber foods. Get Plenty of Rest: Rest is crucial for recovery, so make sure you get enough sleep and take breaks. Consult a Healthcare Professional: Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any medication or supplement. How Soon After Treatment will I Feel Better? Recovery times differ by dysentery type. Amoebiasis patients usually improve in 14 days, while bacillary dysentery patients recover in one week. How can I Prevent Dysentery? To prevent dysentery, maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Regular handwashing is essential, especially when changing diapers for infected babies. Avoiding swallowing water while swimming can also help. Understanding the causes of dysentery aids in developing effective prevention strategies. When visiting areas where amoebic dysentery is common, be cautious about: Ice in drinks Open bottled water (boil if sealed bottles aren’t available) Food from street vendors Peeled fruits or vegetables unless you peel them yourself Unpasteurized dairy products like milk and cheese For safe drinking water, choose bottled water with unbroken seals, carbonated water in sealed containers, or soda in sealed cans. Boiling tap water for at least one minute or using a 1-micron filter with added chlorine or iodine tablets is also effective. Following these precautions can significantly reduce your risk of contracting dysentery, ensuring you stay healthy while traveling and enjoying new experiences. How Can I Avoid Spreading Dysentery? If you are diagnosed with dysentery, follow these guidelines to prevent spreading the infection: Avoid close contact with others Refrain from sexual contact Do not prepare meals for anyone else Avoid swimming Disinfect common surfaces like toilets, sinks and door handles regularly Wash your laundry in hot water (at least 60°C) What can I Expect if I have Dysentery? Dysentery can be challenging, but it is manageable. Most people recover successfully with proper diagnosis and treatment. However, untreated amoebiasis can cause severe health threats and can even be fatal. When to see a Doctor? It's crucial to seek medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, a fever of 102 degrees or higher, diarrhoea lasting more than 2 to 3 days, or signs of dehydration such as increased thirst, dry mouth/lips/eyes, low urine output, dark/strong-smelling urine, lightheadedness/dizziness, or fatigue. What’s the Difference Between Dysentery and Cholera? Both dysentery and cholera are diseases that affect the digestive system, but they have different causes. Dysentery can be classified into two main forms: amoebiasis, linked to parasites like E. histolytica, and bacillary dysentery, caused by bacteria such as Shigella. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. Conclusion In conclusion, managing dysentery effectively requires awareness about its causes, symptoms, and treatments. It's crucial to maintain good hygiene practices and seek medical help promptly if you suspect dysentery. Consider exploring Metropolis Healthcare's website for more accurate pathology testing and health check-up services. Our dedicated team of blood collection technicians can visit your home for sample collection, ensuring a smooth diagnostic process. Prioritise your health today with Metropolis Healthcare's reliable results and personalised care!

Introduction It's common for people to feel fatigued occasionally. However, if the fatigue persists alongside other symptoms like weakness or confusion, it could be a sign of an underlying condition like pernicious anaemia. So what is this health condition? How does it affect us? And what steps can we take towards its prevention? Pernicious anaemia is a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that affects the body's ability to produce healthy red blood cells. This deficiency occurs when the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach essential for absorbing dietary vitamin B12. In this article, we will delve into its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, treatment options, and preventive measures. What is Pernicious Anaemia? The word "anaemia" refers to a state where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the part of red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Therefore, various forms of anaemia can lead to oxygen deprivation in certain parts of the body resulting in fatigue and weakness. Pernicious anaemia is a specific form of B12 deficiency anaemia primarily caused by an autoimmune response. This response leads to diminished production of a substance known as an intrinsic factor in the stomach. This substance is crucial as it helps absorb dietary vitamin B12 in the small intestine - a nutrient vital for proper red blood cell function. How Does Pernicious Anaemia Affect? The human body needs adequate vitamin B12 to produce healthy red blood cells. A deficiency of B12, as seen in pernicious anaemia, leads to a decrease in red blood cell production, resulting in less oxygen being transported to the body's tissues. This can cause a range of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Prolonged B12 deficiency can also lead to neurological complications like memory loss and depression. Who is Affected by Pernicious Anaemia? While pernicious anaemia affects people from different age groups and ethnicities, certain individuals are at a higher risk. These include people with a family history of the disease, those of Northern European or Scandinavian descent, and individuals over 60. What are Pernicious Anaemia Symptoms? The symptoms of pernicious anaemia progress slowly, making them hard to recognize initially. You may have become used to not feeling well, and therefore overlook these tell-tale signs: Fatigue Weakness Headaches Chest pain Weight loss Pale skin In severe cases or if left untreated for long periods, more serious pernicious anemia symptoms can emerge due to neurological damage: Unsteady gait Peripheral neuropathy (numbness in arms and legs) Muscle weakness Depression Memory loss Dementia What are Examples of Pernicious Anaemia Symptoms Caused by Long-Term Low Vitamin B12 Levels? If vitamin B12 levels remain low for an extended period due to pernicious anaemia, it can lead to: Numbness in the arms and legs Confusion Depression Memory loss Dementia These neurological symptoms arise from damage to the nervous system caused by prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency. Can I have Pernicious Anaemia Without Having Symptoms? Yes, it is possible to have pernicious anaemia without experiencing noticeable symptoms. This is why it is essential to undergo regular health check-ups, especially if you are at a higher risk or over 60 years old. What Causes Pernicious Anaemia? The inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factors characterises pernicious anaemia. There are two significant causes of pernicious anaemia: autoimmune and genetic. In most cases, the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells (parietal cells) in the stomach that produce intrinsic factors. In other cases, it may be due to a genetic defect that prevents the production of intrinsic factors. Certain risk factors make some individuals more prone to developing pernicious anaemia: Family history of the disease Being of Northern European or Scandinavian descent Having type 1 diabetes mellitus Having had part of your stomach removed Being 60 years or older How is Pernicious Anaemia Diagnosed? If you suspect you have pernicious anaemia, your doctor may suggest multiple tests such as: Complete Blood Count (CBC) Vitamin B12 level test Intrinsic factor and parietal cell antibodies test These tests help evaluate red blood cell count, assess vitamin B12 levels, and check for antibodies against intrinsic factors and parietal cells necessary for absorbing B12. How is Pernicious Anaemia Treated? The pernicious anaemia treatment involves a two-step process: First, your doctor will treat any existing vitamin B12 deficiency through injections or high-dose oral supplements. Once your vitamin B12 levels return to normal, you may only need monthly injections, or your doctor may recommend switching to oral supplements. Remember, it's crucial to start treatment as soon as possible to prevent irreversible nerve damage. How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better? The recovery period after starting treatment varies from person to person. Some may start feeling better within a few days, while others may take a few weeks. It's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for a personalised recovery plan. How Can I Reduce My Risk of Developing Pernicious Anemia? Maintaining a balanced diet rich in vitamin B12 can help reduce the risk. Foods like meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and fortified nondairy milk are excellent sources of vitamin B12. What Can I Expect if I Have Pernicious Anaemia? Pernicious anaemia generally requires long-term treatment and monitoring. By starting early with treatment and regular check-ups, you can prevent complications and maintain good health. How Do I Take Care of Myself? Regular monitoring of your health, maintaining a balanced diet, and adhering to prescribed medication are vital. Always consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medication or diet. How Often Should I See my Doctor? You should see your doctor regularly based on their recommendation. This could range from every few months to once a year. Conclusion While pernicious anaemia can pose significant health challenges, understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatments can empower you on your journey towards better health. Regular medical check-ups are essential in managing this condition effectively and preventing potential complications. At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer at-home sample collection services and advanced diagnostic labs to make the process of monitoring your health effortless. Our accurate pathology testing and health check-up services are designed with a patient-centric approach, making healthcare accessible and personalised. Don't overlook your health; take control today by scheduling an at-home sample collection appointment with us. Remember, when it comes to your health, every step matters. And we'll be there with you on every step of that journey.

Introduction Dermatomyositis is an uncommon inflammatory disease that confounds many with its unique combination of muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. If you or a loved one have received this diagnosis, it's natural to feel overwhelmed. Hope lies in understanding this condition, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and most importantly, the effective ways of managing it to live a full life. What Is Dermatomyositis? Dermatomyositis refers to a rare inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a distinct skin rash. The muscular weakness usually affects your neck, hip, back, and shoulders. The characteristic rash associated with dermatomyositis appears as red or purple spots on sun-exposed areas such as the face, knuckles, elbows, knees, and toes. Dermatomyositis vs Lupus Dermatomyositis may seem similar to other autoimmune diseases like lupus due to overlapping symptoms. However, it's important to distinguish between them for accurate treatment strategies. While lupus might cause joint pain, skin sensitivities and rashes along with issues with your internal organs like the heart & kidneys, dermatomyositis predominantly leads to muscle weakness and degeneration coupled with a unique skin rash. Who Does Dermatomyositis Affect? While dermatomyositis can occur at any age: In adults, it typically occurs in the late 40s to early 60s. In children - referred to as juvenile dermatomyositis - it occurs most often between 5 and 15 years of age. The condition affects more females than males, possibly due to hormonal or genetic factors. How Common Is Dermatomyositis? Dermatomyositis is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of only 1 in every 100,000 people per year. Despite its scarcity, the impacts on those affected can be significant and long-lasting. How Does Dermatomyositis Affect My Body? Dermatomyositis can cause your muscles to weaken over time, leading to difficulty in performing tasks like rising from a chair or getting out of bed. Severe muscle weakness may also affect your heart, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, sometimes causing breathing problems. Additionally, dermatomyositis has been linked with an increased risk of certain types of cancer. Statistics show that approximately 15% of individuals with dermatomyositis develop cancer later in life. The most common cancers include ovarian, lung, lymphoma, breast, and colon cancer. What Are The Symptoms of Dermatomyositis? The symptoms of dermatomyositis are usually due to swelling and inflammation in the blood vessels that supply your skin and muscles. Some key symptoms include: Red or purple rash on sun-exposed areas Red or purple swelling of upper eyelids Red or purple spots on knuckles, elbows, knees, toes Joints turning pale and painful under cold conditions Scaly, rough, dry skin leading to hair thinning If you notice any such symptoms persistently occurring in your body or a loved one's body without any identifiable cause, it is prudent to consult a healthcare provider for further diagnosis. What Causes Dermatomyositis? While the exact cause remains elusive, experts hint towards multiple potential causes for dermatomyositis. These include genetic factors which might make you more susceptible to the disease. It is also theorised as an autoimmune condition where your body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue leading to inflammation and muscle weakness. Some studies also suggest that living in polluted areas or areas with low air quality might increase your chances of developing dermatomyositis. How Is Dermatomyositis Diagnosed? The path to diagnosis usually starts with your medical history. Your healthcare provider will look for signs of underlying diseases, such as dermatomyositis cancer. It's vital that you inform your doctor about any sudden muscle weakness or distinctive rashes like dermatomyositis rash that you might have observed. Medical tests that can help diagnose dermatomyositis include: Blood Tests: To look for signs of muscle inflammation or abnormal proteins that indicate autoimmune disease. Electromyogram (EMG): To identify abnormal electrical activity in affected muscles. MRI: An imaging test to detect inflammation in the body. Skin or Muscle Biopsy: Tiny tissue samples are taken to be examined under a microscope. Prompt diagnosis helps initiate early treatment and better management of dermatomyositis. How Is Dermatomyositis Treated? Although there's no cure for the condition, dermatomyositis treatment focuses on managing symptoms. The strategies and medications your doctor prescribes will depend on your symptoms, age, and overall health. Here’s what dermatomyositis therapies generally entail: Physical Therapy: Special exercises help stretch and strengthen muscles. Orthotics or assistive devices may be used. Skin Treatment: To prevent skin rashes, avoid sun exposure, wear sunscreen, and use antihistamine drugs or steroid creams as prescribed by your doctor. Anti-Inflammatory Medications: Steroids can ease inflammation in the body and improve muscle strength. Immunosuppressive Drugs: These slow down your body's immune system and can control inflammation. Remember that consistent, regular communication with your healthcare providers about the benefits, risks, and side effects of all medications is crucial. How Do I Manage My Dermatomyositis Symptoms? Living with dermatomyositis requires long-term commitment to manage symptoms effectively. Here are some key strategies: Follow Your Therapy: Carry out the exercises suggested by your physical therapist diligently to maintain muscle strength. Adhere to Medication Schedule: Take prescribed medications consistently. Protect your Skin: Avoid UV exposure, apply sunscreen (SPF 50 or more) regularly while outdoors, and avoid indoor tanning beds. Schedule Regular Check-ups: Regular monitoring of your condition is essential to ensure it isn’t worsening. By adhering to these remedies and lifestyle modifications, you can lead a comfortable life despite dermatomyositis. How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better? Patience is key when treating dermatomyositis. Following the start of dermatomyositis treatment, improvements might take months to become evident due to variations in treatment responses. Over time, most people regain their original levels of muscle strength, leading to improved daily functionality and quality of life. What Can I Expect If I Have Dermatomyositis? While there's no permanent cure for dermatomyositis, with treatment, most symptoms can be managed effectively. However, around 80% of individuals experience chronic dermatomyositis, where symptoms wax and wane over a lifetime. It is essential to connect with your healthcare provider as soon as you notice a symptom flare-up. What Is The Life Expectancy of Someone With Dermatomyositis? Although living with dermatomyositis can be challenging, many people successfully manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Factors such as disease severity, age, response to treatment, and presence of complications determine overall survival. Regular follow-ups and adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen are the cornerstones of successful long-term management. When To See A Doctor? If you notice new muscle weakness or a skin rash, it's crucial to see your healthcare provider immediately. Early diagnosis and commencement of treatment are key in effectively managing dermatomyositis and reducing severe symptoms or complications. Conclusion Living with dermatomyositis can undeniably be challenging, but with understanding and proper management strategies, it is entirely possible to lead a fulfilling life. This involves recognising the symptoms early, seeking timely medical advice, and adhering to prescribed treatment plans. Metropolis Healthcare, a leading chain of diagnostic labs across India, provides pathology testing and health check-up services right at your doorstep. Their qualified technicians, advanced diagnostic labs, and convenient report sharing make it easy for you to take charge of your health. Remember, understanding your health conditions is the first step towards managing them effectively.

What is Urinary Retention? The human body is a fascinating system that performs countless functions daily, often without our awareness, including urination. While it may seem simple, but there are many underlying processes which are involved. Disruptions such as urinary retention can lead to discomfort and pose health risks. Let’s delve deeper into the meaning of urinary retention. How Common is Urinary Retention? Urinary retention is a condition where the bladder doesn’t empty completely or at all during urination. It can occur suddenly (acute) or develop slowly over time (chronic). The acute form is considered as an emergency and needs quick medical help, while chronic urinary retention has more gradual symptoms. It affects both sexes, but is most common in men aged 60 to 80. About 10% of men over 70 and up to 30% of men over 80 may experience this issue. What are the Types of Urinary Retention? There are two main types of urinary retention: Acute Urinary Retention: This type occurs suddenly and can be severe. It often leads to a complete inability to urinate, causing pain and discomfort. Acute urinary retention typically requires immediate medical attention to relieve the blockage and prevent complications. Chronic Urinary Retention: This type develops gradually over time. People may still be able to urinate, but they often have difficulty emptying their bladder completely. Symptoms may include a weak urine stream, frequent urination, and the feeling of pressure in the bladder. Chronic urinary retention can lead to long-term issues if not addressed. Understanding these types helps in identifying symptoms and seeking the right treatment. What are the Symptoms of Urinary Retention? Acute Urinary Retention Symptoms In acute urinary retention, symptoms occur suddenly. You may feel hard to urinate or pass only a little, despite feeling the urge to go. This can lead to pain or discomfort in your lower abdomen. Chronic Urinary Retention Symptoms The symptoms of chronic urinary retention vary from person to person and tend to build up over time. These may include: Difficulty starting to urination  A weak or slow urine stream Feeling the need to urinate again soon after urinating  Frequent urine leakage Waking up several times at night to urinate (Nocturia) What Causes Urinary Retention? Urinary retention can occur due to several factors: Blockage: A blockage in the urinary system can stop urine from flowing freely, which may be caused by an enlarged prostate, tumors, or kidney stone. Medications: Some medications can impact the bladder as well as urethra muscles, leading to urinary retention. These includes certain antidepressants, antihistamines, and medications for high blood pressure. Nerve Issues: The nerves that regulate bladder function are essential for proper urination. When conditions like stroke, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), or other neurological disorders affect these nerves, it can result in urinary retention. Infection or Swelling: Infections or inflammation in the urinary tract or prostate can lead to swelling that obstructs urine flow. Surgery: Urinary retention can occur as a complication after certain surgeries. For example, procedures involving the lower part of the body may disrupt the nerve signals to the bladder and urethra. What are the Risk Factors for Urinary Retention? Although anyone can experience urinary retention, certain factors increase the risk. These include being male and over 50, having a history of neurological disorders, long-term use of specific medications, and recently undergoing lower body surgery. What are the Complications of Urinary Retention? Untreated urinary retention can lead to complications like urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder damage, and kidney damage. Therefore, it’s crucial to seek medical attention if you notice any symptoms. How is Urinary Retention Diagnosed? To diagnose urinary retention, your doctor will consider your symptoms and medical history while conducting a physical examination to find out the cause. They may ask about your urine flow, any pain or discomfort you’re experiencing, and will check your lower abdomen for signs of bladder distention. How is Urinary Retention Treated? Treatment For Acute Urinary Retention Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment, often in the form of catheterisation to drain the bladder. Treatment For Chronic Urinary Retention For chronic urinary retention, your doctor will recommend the best treatment based on the underlying cause. This may involve medications, surgery, or nonsurgical options like lifestyle changes. Medication: Medications are often prescribed to address the root causes of urinary retention. For example, alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are used to treat enlarged prostate, while antibiotics are used to treat infections contributing to urinary retention. Surgery: In severe cases, surgical procedures may be necessary. These could involve removing blockages in the urinary tract or rectifying structural abnormalities. Nonsurgical Treatments: Nonsurgical treatments for urinary retention may involve lifestyle changes, such as modifications your diet and fluid intake, bladder training exercises, pelvic floor exercises, and avoiding medications which can worsen urinary retention. Can you Prevent Urinary Retention? Prevention involves managing risk factors like controlling diabetes and other neurological disorders, discussing alternative medications with your doctor if you're on medicine that increase your risk, maintaining good bladder habits, responding promptly to the urge to urinate and staying well-hydrated. Can You Still Pee With Urinary retention? Yes, some people with urinary retention may still be able to pass a small amount of urine. Urinary retention means that either you can’t urinate at all or your bladder doesn’t empty completely when you do. In some cases, this can lead to urine leakage, known as overflow incontinence, where urine dribbles out due to the bladder being too full. What can I Expect if I have Urinary Retention? If diagnosed with urinary retention, it's important to follow your doctor’s treatment plan and attend all follow-up appointments. With the right treatment, many people experience relief from their symptoms, which can greatly improve their quality of life. When Should I See a Doctor? If you're experiencing symptoms of urinary retention, it's important to seek a medical attention immediately. Symptoms may include difficulty starting to urinate, a weak or slow urine stream, frequent urine leakage, discomfort in the lower abdomen or urinary tract, or a strong, persistent urge to urinate. Conclusion Urinary retention can be a discomforting condition that impacts your daily life. However, with a clear understanding of its causes, symptoms, and treatments, it can be managed effectively. Remember, it's essential to seek medical help if you are experiencing any symptoms of urinary retention. At Metropolis Healthcare, we believe in empowering our patients with information and diagnostic services to take charge of their health. Reach out today to learn how we can help you on your journey to better health. From at-home blood samples collection by trained phlebotomists to patient-centric services backed by advanced technology labs, your health is our priority.

Introduction Losing a baby to stillbirth is one of the toughest experiences for a parent. Surrounded by many challenges and profound emotions. Learning about stillbirth can be an important step in the healing process. This article aims to provide clear information about stillbirth, including its causes, symptoms, types, and prevention methods. What is Stillbirth? Stillbirth is when a foetus dies after the 20th week of pregnancy. Some people think it only happens during delivery when the foetus is born without a heartbeat during labor. However, most of the stillbirths occurs inside the womb and are usually found out before labor starts. Losing a baby this way can be very painful, similar to a miscarriage. However, it's crucial to understand that stillborn vs miscarriage distinguishes between two different types of pregnancy loss. Miscarriage refers to fetal death before 20th week of pregnancy while stillbirth happens post-20 weeks. What are the types of Stillbirth? Medical professionals classify stillbirths based on gestational age at which fetal death occurs: Early stillbirth: Fetal dies between 20 and 27 weeks Late stillbirth: Fetal dies between 28 and 36 weeks Term stillbirth: Fetal dies after the 37th week Each type presents its unique challenges for parents to navigate through. How Common are Stillbirths? Stillbirth rates vary worldwide. In developing countries, about 22 out of every 1,000 births result in stillbirth. In contrast, in developed countries like the U.S. and U.K., the rates are much lower, around six and three per 1,000 births respectively. Improved prenatal care has significantly reduced global stillbirth rates, although disparities persist due to varying access to healthcare services. Who Is at Risk for Stillbirth? While stillbirth can occur during any pregnancy, certain factors amplify the associated risks: Age: The risk is higher for teenagers and those 35 or older. Certain Health Conditions: Existing health issues such as high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity, etc., may increase the risk. Type of Pregnancy: Multiple pregnancies (twins or more) pose an increased risk. Past Pregnancy Complications: Having experienced a previous stillbirth or other complications like preterm birth slightly raises the risk. Stress and Substance Use: Use of recreational drugs, smoking, drinking alcohol can lead to stillbirth. Similarly, significant life stressors like financial strain or relationship problems can also increase your risk. What Causes Stillbirth? The causes of stillbirth can be complex. They may include: Infections: Infections from viruses, bacteria, or parasites can lead to stillbirth, particularly in areas with limited access to quality prenatal care. Problems with the Placenta or Umbilical Cord: The placenta and umbilical cord supply the foetus with oxygen and nutrients. Problems here can prevent the foetus from thriving. Genetic Conditions Affecting the Foetus: Genetic conditions or birth defects that affect foetal development can result in stillbirth. One such condition is intrauterine growth restriction where the foetus doesn’t get enough nutrition to grow healthily. Pregnancy Complications: Complications like preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy), cholestasis of pregnancy (liver disease), and premature birth can lead to stillbirth. What are the Symptoms of Stillbirth? The main symptom of stillbirth is a noticeable reduction in fetal activity. Some women may also experience cramping or vaginal bleeding. If you notice these symptoms, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention. How is the Diagnosis Made? Most stillbirth diagnoses occur before labor when healthcare providers cannot find a fetal heartbeat through an ultrasound. When Should I Choose to Have a Foetal Autopsy? Consider a fetal autopsy for unexplained deaths, genetic concerns, or recurrent losses. It’s a personal decision that can provide important information for future pregnancies. Always consult your healthcare provider. What Happens After the Foetus Passes Away? Grieving the loss of a baby takes time. Some parents may wish to hold their baby, keep mementos, or even have a funeral. Support from loved ones and professional counselling can be beneficial during this time. Can Stillbirth Be Prevented? Although you cannot prevent all stillbirths as some result from uncontrollable factors, steps such as avoiding recreational drugs and alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight before pregnancy, adjusting diet during pregnancy, infection prevention measures, getting routine tests, ultrasounds and/or foetal heart monitoring can help increase the odds of delivering a healthy baby. Can I Get Pregnant After a Stillbirth? Yes, it's possible to have a healthy pregnancy after a stillbirth. It's important to work closely with your healthcare provider for advice. How Can I Take Care of Myself After a Stillbirth? Discussing the timing of next pregnancy with your healthcare provider is crucial. Some studies suggest that waiting at least one year post-stillbirth before conceiving again can help reduce feelings of depression and anxiety during future pregnancies. What Tests do You Get After a Stillbirth? After a stillbirth, clinicians may recommend several tests for both the mother and baby to better understand the situation, including: Autopsy: A thorough examination of the baby's body for defects, requiring parental consent. Imaging: X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRIs to investigate potential causes. Placenta and Umbilical Cord Examination: Microscopic analysis of the placenta and umbilical cord. Genetic Testing: Screening for genetic disorders that may have affected the baby. Amniocentesis: A procedure to extract amniotic fluid if infections or genetic issues are suspected. Blood Samples: Tests on the mother to assess her health. Pregnancy History: A comprehensive review to identify any risk factors. Clinicians provide information and emotional support, empowering families to decide on the recommended tests as they navigate their profound grief. Will I Lactate After a Stillbirth? Yes, lactation is possible after a stillbirth. Typically, your body requires 2-3 weeks to cease milk production, and leakage may continue afterward. If you choose to express milk, production can persist until you decide to stop. This is a normal response from your body. What Happens After Delivery? After delivery, your body experiences many changes, both physical and emotional, some of which can last for months. You may feel tired, have mood swings, or experience physical discomfort. It’s important to prioritize rest and eat nutritious foods to aid your recovery. Many women experience a mix of feelings and symptoms during this time, which is completely normal. Be kind to yourself as you adjust, and don’t hesitate to seek support from friends, family, or professionals. Caring for yourself is important for both your health and for connecting with your baby. How Long After A Stillbirth Should I Get Pregnant Again? After experiencing a stillbirth, it's often recommended to wait at least a year before trying to conceive again, as studies indicate this may help reduce depression and anxiety in subsequent pregnancies. However, everyone’s healing journey is unique. It's vital to discuss your individual circumstances and readiness with your healthcare provider. Conclusion Understanding stillbirth, including its causes, risk factors, and coping mechanisms, is an important part of healing after such a deep loss. It’s essential to talk to healthcare providers for personalised advice and support. At Metropolis Healthcare, we focus on accurate diagnostic services to assist you. Our patient-centered approach ensures you receive reliable health check-ups at your convenience, with at-home sample collection by qualified technicians. Taking care of your health is possible with the right knowledge and medical support.

Introduction Have you ever wondered about the mysterious world of medical diagnostics? Specifically, how do doctors precisely diagnose a condition like Breast Cancer, and determine Breast cancer treatment based on individual patient profiles? Your curiosity is valid. The world of medical science has progressed by leaps and bounds over the years, with advancements like companion diagnostics changing how we approach diseases. Companion diagnostics is a sophisticated tool that helps tailor Breast cancer treatment to each patient's needs. But what is this tool? How does it connect to Breast Cancer? More importantly, how can it help in easing Breast cancer pain? Let's dive in and understand! What is Breast Cancer? Breast cancer refers to a condition where cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. It's important to note that not all lumps are cancerous; they can also be benign or non-cancerous. What causes Breast Cancer? Scientific research points out various Breast cancer causes. It could be triggered by factors like genetic mutations, lifestyle habits (including smoking), certain environmental factors, or hormonal changes. However, every woman's risk may vary based on numerous factors. It is important to note that having these risk factors doesn't necessarily mean one will develop breast cancer. What are the symptoms of Breast Cancer? Breast cancer pain is not always noticeable. Sometimes, there are no there are no clear symptoms. However, common signs include: A new lump in the breast or underarm. Change in the size or shape of the breast. Pain in any area of the breast. Nipple discharge apart from breast milk Dimpling or puckering of breast skin If you observe any of these, seeking immediate medical help is key. How to diagnose Breast Cancer? Diagnosing breast cancer involves several steps, from initial screenings to diagnostic mammograms, biopsies, and, most importantly, companion diagnostics. This leads us to the question: What exactly are companion diagnostics? Companion diagnostics are tests done to identify specific biomarkers in a patient's genes, proteins, or tissues. They help doctors determine which treatments might work best for the patient. For instance, in breast cancer treatment, companion diagnostics can reveal whether cancer cells contain hormone receptors What are the treatment options for Breast Cancer? Breast cancer pain treatment options vary based on the type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, and the patient's preferences and overall health. The main treatments include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Targeted therapy The last one is where companion diagnostics plays a vital role by precisely identifying which targeted therapy will work best. What’s the difference between Breast Cancer and Cervical Cancer? Although both are common in women, breast and cervical cancers differ significantly in their causes, symptoms and treatments. While Breast cancer often begins from the cells lining milk ducts or glands, cervical cancer affects the lower part of the uterus. The risk factors also vary, hormonal changes mainly influence breast cancer whereas cervical cancer is most often caused by HPV (a sexually transmitted infection). Who’s at risk for Breast Cancer? Every woman potentially faces a risk of breast cancer. However, risks are higher among those with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, women over age 50, those who started menstruation before age 12 or underwent menopause after age 55. Alarmingly, there is a rising number of breast cancer cases in young women, highlighting the need for regular check-ups for everyone, regardless of age. What’s the outlook for Breast Cancer? With advancements in early detection and treatment, breast cancer survival rates have greatly improved. However, early detection is key. But remember, early detection is key. Regular screenings and being aware of changes in your body can help detect cancer at an early stage when it's most treatable. Conclusion Breast cancer affects not only patients but also their loved ones. Thankfully, innovations like companion diagnostics provide hope and pathways to healing. Regular check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and prompt interventions are essential for prevention and effective treatment. For women, being aware of risk factors and prioritizing regular health screenings is key to staying informed and empowered. Considering the critical role of diagnostics in managing breast cancer, services like those offered by Metropolis Healthcare are indispensable. Renowned for their accurate pathology testing and comprehensive health check-up services, Metropolis ensures you receive quality care from the comfort of your home. Stay empowered and prioritize your health!

Introduction Have you ever heard of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? This genetic disorder largely affects women, though men can also be impacted. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of HBOC, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods and available treatment options. What is Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) is a genetic condition that significantly increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. These cancers often occur at a younger age than in those without the syndrome. It is primarily linked to alterations or mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes inherited from parents. In specific communities, such as individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, the chances of carrying these gene mutations are notably higher, with studies indicating that about 1 in 40 individuals from this group have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. What Causes Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? The primary cause of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) is the inheritance of harmful mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes from one's parents. Recognising the Symptoms of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) Identifying symptoms of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) can be challenging because the syndrome itself doesn’t cause any specific symptoms. Instead, it raises the risk of developing specific cancers, especially breast and ovarian cancer. In women, signs of breast cancer may include a new lump in the breast or underarm area, nipple discharge other than breast milk, or changes in the breast's size or shape. Ovarian cancer symptoms may present as abdominal swelling, pelvic discomfort, or chronic indigestion and nausea. The Diagnosis Process for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) To diagnose Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC), blood or saliva samples are taken from a patient to examine their BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for any mutations. Here's a step-by-step overview of diagnosing HBOC: Reviewing personal and family medical history: A healthcare provider takes into account your personal medical history and family history of cancer to determine whether genetic testing would be beneficial. Genetic counselling session: Before undergoing genetic testing for HBOC, it’s recommended to have a counselling session with a certified genetic counsellor. Genetic testing: A healthcare provider takes a blood or saliva sample, which is analysed in a laboratory to check for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Understanding the results: A negative result means no known harmful BRCA mutations were detected, while a positive result indicates the presence of harmful mutations. What are the Treatment Options for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Although there's no specific Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) treatment, those diagnosed can take preventive measures that include: Regular cancer screenings: This involves routine mammograms and MRIs for breast cancer, regular pelvic exams and ultrasounds for ovarian cancer. Risk-reducing surgeries: Preventive surgeries like mastectomy (removal of breasts) or salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of fallopian tubes and ovaries) can significantly lower the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. Medication: Certain drugs can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk individuals. HBOC versus BRCA - What's the Difference? While the terms are often used interchangeably, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) and BRCA are not the same. HBOC is a genetic condition that raises the risk of certain cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancers, due to mutations in various genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2. Therefore, although BRCA gene mutations are a key factor in HBOC, the syndrome itself is linked to mutations in other genes as well. Who’s at Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Identifying who's at risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) largely depends on genetic factors and family history. Individuals with a strong family history of breast, ovarian, or other related cancers may have an increased risk of having HBOC. The Outlook for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) While a diagnosis of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) can understandably cause anxiety, it's important to remember that it does not guarantee cancer development. Early detection through regular screenings can lead to successful treatment and management. Conclusion Understanding Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) empowers us to take proactive steps regarding our health. Genetic testing for early detection offers a way forward for those at risk, allowing them to implement preventive measures against cancer development. In line with this need for early detection, Metropolis Healthcare provides comprehensive diagnostic services such as genetic testing for HBOC. Their home-based sample collection aims to provide comfort and convenience to patients while delivering accurate results which are processed in their advanced labs.