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Pulmonary hypertension
Preventive Healthcare

Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Causes, and Latest Treatment Options

What is pulmonary hypertension?  Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterised by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. These arteries are responsible for carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen. When the pressure in these arteries rises above normal levels, it puts extra strain on the right ventricle of the heart, which must work harder to pump blood through the lungs. This increased workload can cause the heart muscle to weaken over time, leading to right-sided heart failure if left untreated.  How does pulmonary hypertension affect my body?  The effects of pulmonary hypertension on the body can be significant. As the pressure in the pulmonary arteries increases, the right ventricle of the heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs. This extra strain can cause the heart muscle to enlarge and weaken, leading to right-sided heart failure. Additionally, the increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries can cause them to narrow and become less flexible, further impeding blood flow. This can result in a lack of oxygen in the blood, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. Over time, pulmonary hypertension can also lead to liver and kidney problems, as well as swelling in the legs and ankles due to fluid retention.  What are the different types of pulmonary hypertension?  There are several types of pulmonary hypertension, each with its own causes and characteristics:  Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH): This type has no known cause and is also referred to as primary pulmonary hypertension.  Heritable PAH: Caused by genetic mutations passed down through families.  Drug- and Toxin-Induced PAH: Resulting from the use of certain medications or exposure to toxins.  PAH Associated with Other Conditions: This includes conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, and connective tissue disorders.  Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension: Caused by underlying medical conditions, such as obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic lung diseases, and left-sided heart disease.  Understanding the type of pulmonary hypertension you have is crucial for determining the most appropriate treatment plan.  Who does pulmonary hypertension affect?   Pulmonary hypertension can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, but it is more common in certain groups. Women are more likely to develop idiopathic PAH than men, and the condition is most often diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 60. Individuals with certain underlying health conditions, such as heart or lung diseases, are also at higher risk of developing pulmonary hypertension.  How common is pulmonary hypertension?  Pulmonary hypertension is considered a rare disorder, affecting an estimated 15-50 individuals per million population. However, the actual prevalence may be higher, as the condition is often misdiagnosed or goes unrecognised.  What are the first symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?   The early symptoms of pulmonary hypertension can be subtle and may include:  Shortness of breath during normal activities  Fatigue  Dizziness or fainting spells  Chest pain or pressure  What are the later symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?   As pulmonary hypertension progresses, symptoms may worsen and include:  Shortness of breath even at rest  Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen  Bluish discolouration of the lips and skin (cyanosis)  Rapid or irregular heartbeat  Dry cough  What are the stages of pulmonary hypertension?  Pulmonary hypertension is classified into four functional classes based on the severity of symptoms:  Class 1: No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue dyspnoea, fatigue, chest pain, or near-syncope.  Class 2: Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity causes undue dyspnoea, fatigue, chest pain, or near-syncope.  Class 3: Marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes undue dyspnoea, fatigue, chest pain, or near-syncope.  Class 4: Inability to carry out any physical activity without symptoms. Dyspnoea and/or fatigue may be present even at rest, and discomfort is increased by any physical activity.  What causes pulmonary hypertension?   The causes of pulmonary hypertension can vary depending on the type:  Idiopathic PAH: The cause is unknown.  Heritable PAH: Caused by genetic mutations.  Drug- and Toxin-Induced PAH: Caused by certain medications (e.g., some appetite suppressants) or illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine).  PAH Associated with Other Conditions: Caused by underlying conditions such as congenital heart disease, connective tissue disorders (e.g., scleroderma), HIV infection, and liver disease.  Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension: Caused by conditions that affect the left side of the heart, lungs, or both, such as:  Left-sided heart disease (e.g., mitral valve disease, long-term high blood pressure)  Lung diseases (e.g., COPD, interstitial lung disease, sleep apnoea)  Chronic blood clots in the lungs  Metabolic disorders  Sarcoidosis  How is pulmonary hypertension diagnosed?  Diagnosing pulmonary hypertension involves a combination of tests and procedures:  Physical exam: Your doctor will listen to your heart and lungs and check for signs of swelling, cyanosis, and other symptoms.  Echocardiogram: This ultrasound test shows how well your heart is functioning and can estimate the pressure in your pulmonary arteries.  Right heart catheterisation: This invasive test directly measures the pressure in your pulmonary arteries and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension.  Chest X-ray and CT scan: These imaging tests can show the size and condition of your heart and lungs.  Pulmonary function tests: These tests measure how well your lungs are working and can help identify underlying lung diseases.  Blood tests: These can help rule out other conditions that may be causing your symptoms.  What tests diagnose pulmonary hypertension?  Several tests are used to diagnose pulmonary hypertension, including:  Echocardiogram: Uses sound waves to create images of the heart and estimate pulmonary artery pressure.  Right heart catheterisation: Measures pressure in the pulmonary arteries directly and is the definitive test for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension.  Chest X-ray and CT scan: Provide images of the heart and lungs to assess their size and condition.  Pulmonary function tests: Measure lung capacity and function to identify underlying lung diseases.  Blood tests: Help rule out other conditions and assess overall health.  Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of the heart and can measure blood flow.  What is the treatment for pulmonary hypertension?  Treatment for pulmonary hypertension aims to improve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, and slow disease progression. Options may include:  Medications: Vasodilators, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclins help relax and widen blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart.  Oxygen therapy: Supplemental oxygen can help improve breathing and reduce strain on the heart.  Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding high altitudes and air travel can help manage symptoms.  Surgery: In severe cases, a lung or heart-lung transplant may be necessary.  What medications treat pulmonary hypertension?  Several types of medications are used to treat pulmonary hypertension, including:  Vasodilators (e.g., epoprostenol, treprostinil)  Endothelin receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan, ambrisentan)  Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil)  Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (e.g., riociguat)  How can we prevent pulmonary hypertension?  While some forms of pulmonary hypertension cannot be prevented, you can take steps to reduce your risk:  Manage underlying health conditions, such as heart and lung diseases.  Avoid medications and substances that may cause or worsen pulmonary hypertension.  Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking.  Attend regular check-ups with your healthcare provider.  What is the outlook for people with pulmonary hypertension?   The outlook for people with pulmonary hypertension varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. With proper treatment and management, many people can improve their symptoms and quality of life.  What is the life expectancy for people with pulmonary hypertension?  Life expectancy for people with pulmonary hypertension depends on factors such as the type of PH, the severity of symptoms, and the response to treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve outcomes.  Is pulmonary hypertension fatal?  While pulmonary hypertension can be a serious and progressive condition, it is not always fatal. With proper management and treatment, many people with PH can live for years after diagnosis.  What dietary changes should we make?  Adopting a heart-healthy diet can help manage pulmonary hypertension symptoms and improve overall health:  Limit salt intake to reduce fluid retention and swelling.  Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.  Avoid excessive amounts of saturated and trans fats.  Maintain a healthy weight  Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.  Conclusion  Pulmonary hypertension is a complex condition that requires careful management and ongoing care. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can work with your healthcare provider to develop a plan that helps you maintain the best possible quality of life. Remember, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are key to managing pulmonary hypertension effectively. If you suspect you or a loved one may have PH, don't hesitate to seek medical advice. At Metropolis Healthcare, our team of experts is dedicated to providing accurate diagnostic services and personalised care to help you prioritise your health and well-being. 

Hemochromatosis, Iron Overload
Preventive Healthcare

Hemochromatosis: What You Need to Know About Iron Overload

What is hemochromatosis?  Hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder that disrupts your body's iron regulation, causing excessive iron absorption from food. This leads to a gradual buildup of iron in your organs and tissues.  What is iron, and why do I need it?  Iron is a mineral that plays a vital role in creating haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body. It's also essential for producing certain hormones and maintaining healthy connective tissues. However, while iron is necessary, too much can be harmful.  Why is too much iron dangerous?  Iron overload can be toxic to your body, damaging tissues and organs over time. Excess iron can lead to serious complications such as:  Cirrhosis (liver scarring)  Liver cancer  Heart problems like irregular heartbeat and heart failure  Joint pain and arthritis  Diabetes  How common is hemochromatosis?  Hemochromatosis is a relatively rare condition, affecting about 1 in 200 people of Northern European descent. It's less common in other populations.  What are the types of hemochromatosis? There are several types of hemochromatosis:  Hereditary hemochromatosis: The most common form, caused by mutations in the HFE gene.  Juvenile hemochromatosis: a rare, more severe type that affects younger individuals.  Neonatal hemochromatosis: a life-threatening condition in newborns, causing liver failure.  Secondary hemochromatosis: Caused by other conditions like liver disease or frequent blood transfusions.  What causes hemochromatosis?  Hemochromatosis causes are primarily genetic. Hereditary hemochromatosis occurs when you inherit two mutated copies of the HFE gene, one from each parent. These mutations disrupt your body's ability to regulate iron absorption, leading to iron overload. Less commonly, hemochromatosis can be caused by other conditions that increase iron intake, like frequent blood transfusions.  What are the symptoms of hemochromatosis?  Early signs of hemochromatosis may include:  Fatigue and weakness  Weight loss  Joint pain, especially in the knuckles  Irregular periods in women  Erectile dysfunction in men  As iron continues to accumulate, more severe hemochromatosis symptoms can develop:  Darkening of the skin (bronze or grey discoloration)  Abdominal pain  Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)  Diabetes symptoms like increased thirst and urination  Severe joint pain and arthritis  Heart problems like chest pain and shortness of breath  How is hemochromatosis diagnosed?  Hemochromatosis is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure your iron levels, including:  Serum transferrin saturation: The percentage of transferrin (an iron-transporting protein) that's carrying iron  Serum ferritin: Reflects the amount of iron stored in your body  If these tests indicate iron overload, genetic testing for HFE mutations can confirm hereditary hemochromatosis. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be done to assess organ damage.  What tests are required for hemochromatosis?  To diagnose and monitor hemochromatosis, your doctor will likely order the following tests:  Complete blood count (CBC)  Liver function tests  Serum iron and transferrin saturation levels  Serum ferritin levels  HFE gene mutation testing  Additional tests like liver ultrasound, MRI, or heart function tests may be needed to check for organ damage.  How is hemochromatosis treated?  The main hemochromatosis treatment is regular blood removal, known as therapeutic phlebotomy. This helps lower your iron levels to a healthy range. The frequency of phlebotomy sessions depends on the severity of your iron overload.  Other important aspects of managing hemochromatosis include:  Avoiding iron supplements and multivitamins containing iron  Limiting vitamin C supplements, as vitamin C increases iron absorption  Avoiding alcohol to prevent further liver damage  Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B to protect your liver  Having regular check-ups to monitor iron levels and organ function  In some cases, iron chelation therapy (medications that bind and remove excess iron) may be used if phlebotomy isn't suitable.  How do I prevent hemochromatosis?  There's no sure way to prevent genetic hemochromatosis, but early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications. If you have a family history of the disorder, consider genetic screening to assess your risk. Maintaining a balanced hemochromatosis diet that avoids excess iron intake is also important.  What is the outlook with hemochromatosis?  With early diagnosis and proper treatment, most people with hemochromatosis can lead normal, healthy lives. However, untreated iron overload can lead to serious complications like liver disease, heart problems, and diabetes. Regular monitoring and adherence to your treatment plan are key to managing the condition effectively.  How much iron do I need in my diet?  While limiting iron intake is important with hemochromatosis, it's crucial not to eliminate iron entirely. Work with a registered dietitian to develop a balanced eating plan that meets your individual needs.  What are some hemochromatosis home remedies?  In addition to medical treatment, some lifestyle changes can help manage hemochromatosis symptoms.  Staying hydrated to support liver function  Engaging in moderate exercise to maintain joint health and overall well-being  Managing stress through relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation  Eating a nutritious, balanced hemochromatosis diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains  Remember, home remedies should complement, not replace, your prescribed hemochromatosis treatment plan.  Conclusion  Navigating life with hemochromatosis can feel overwhelming, but with the right knowledge and care, you can effectively manage iron overload and prevent complications. If you suspect you may have hemochromatosis symptoms or have a family history of the disorder, don't hesitate to talk to your doctor. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for maintaining your health and quality of life.  At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of accessible, reliable diagnostic services. Our expert team of phlebotomists provides convenient at-home sample collection for hemochromatosis tests, ensuring your comfort and safety. With our state-of-the-art labs and user-friendly online reports, you can trust us to support you on your health journey.  Remember, prioritising your well-being is an act of self-care. By staying informed, proactive, and committed to your hemochromatosis treatment plan, you can take control of your health and live your best life. You've got this! 

Interstitial Lung Disease, symptoms and treatment
Preventive Healthcare

Interstitial Lung Disease: A Guide to Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is interstitial lung disease?  Interstitial lung disease is an umbrella term for a large group of chronic lung disorders characterised by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. This scarring occurs in the interstitium, the delicate lace-like network of tissue that supports the lungs' tiny air sacs (alveoli). As this tissue becomes stiff and thickened, the lungs lose their elasticity, making it difficult to breathe and for oxygen to enter the bloodstream.   What happens when you have interstitial lung disease?  When you have ILD, the progressive scarring and inflammation in your lungs make them stiff and less elastic. This means:  Lungs fail to expand during inhalation.  Damaged air sacs limit oxygen transfer.  Breathing becomes difficult, even at rest.  Shortness of breath during daily tasks  Lung damage worsens over time.  Treatment and lifestyle changes can slow progression.  What are types of interstitial lung disease?  There are over 200 different types of interstitial lung disease, which are classified based on their cause (if known). Some common types include:  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): Scarring with unknown cause  Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Caused by inhaling dust, mould, or chemicals  Sarcoidosis: Inflammatory disease affecting multiple organs  Connective tissue disease-associated ILDs: Linked to autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma  What's the difference between interstitial lung disease and pulmonary fibrosis?  Pulmonary fibrosis is a type of interstitial lung disease characterised specifically by scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue. In contrast, the term ILD also includes lung diseases marked mainly by inflammation with little or no fibrosis.  Who is most at risk for interstitial lung disease?  While anyone can develop ILD, some factors increase your risk:  Exposure to hazardous materials like asbestos, silica, coal dust, and grain dust  Smoking cigarettes, especially combined with other risk factors  Receiving radiation therapy to the chest  Taking certain medications (chemotherapy drugs, heart medications, some antibiotics)  Having an autoimmune disorder like rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or Sjogren's syndrome  Genetic predisposition—some types of ILD run in families.  How serious is interstitial lung disease?  ILD is a serious condition that affects quality of life, causing increasing breathlessness that can make daily activities difficult. Some individuals may require supplemental oxygen, and severe untreated cases can result in complications like pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, and heart failure. However, with treatment, many people can manage symptoms and slow disease progression.  What are the symptoms of interstitial lung disease?  The main symptoms of interstitial lung disease are:  Shortness of breath, especially with exertion  Dry, hacking cough  Fatigue and weakness  Chest discomfort or tightness  Loss of appetite and weight loss  Mild symptoms initially, worsening with lung damage  Some ILDs, like sarcoidosis, cause skin rashes, joint pain, and eye inflammation.  What causes interstitial lung disease?  Interstitial lung disease causes can be divided into known and unknown. Known causes include:  Autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, etc.  Exposure to hazardous materials like asbestos, silica, coal dust, grain dust, and bird droppings  Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, some antibiotics, and heart medications  Radiation therapy to the chest  Known causes of interstitial lung disease  Known causes of ILD include:  Autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma)  Exposure to asbestos, silica, coal dust, and other hazardous materials  Certain medications (sulfonamides, bleomycin)  Radiation therapy  Chronic exposure to organic substances like bird droppings or moulds is also a known cause.  Unknown causes of interstitial lung disease  In cases where a cause can't be identified, the condition is called idiopathic interstitial lung disease. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common type, accounting for 20-30% of all ILD cases. Experts believe IPF may result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.  How is interstitial lung disease diagnosed?  Diagnosing ILD involves a thorough evaluation:  Medical history review, including family history and exposure to hazardous materials  Physical exam to check for crackling sounds (rales) in the lungs and clubbing of the fingers  Imaging tests like chest X-ray and high-resolution CT scan to visualise lung damage  Pulmonary function tests to measure how well your lungs work  Blood tests to check for autoimmune diseases, infections, and genetic disorders  Bronchoscopy to view the airways and take fluid/tissue samples  Surgical lung biopsy for a definitive diagnosis in some cases  What tests will be done to diagnose interstitial lung disease?  To diagnose ILD, your doctor may order the following interstitial lung disease radiology and other tests:  Chest X-ray: Often the first imaging test, it can show lung scarring and rule out other diseases.  High-resolution CT (HRCT) scan: Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs to assess type and extent of damage.  Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): Non-invasive tests to measure lung volumes, airflow, and gas exchange. Includes spirometry and diffusion capacity.  Exercise testing: Measures lung function during physical activity, often using a 6-minute walk test.  Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage: A thin, flexible tube is inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs to obtain fluid/tissue samples.  Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS): A minimally invasive procedure to remove small samples of lung tissue for biopsy.  Blood tests: To look for signs of autoimmune disease, infections, and genetic disorders associated with ILD.  How is interstitial lung disease treated?  Interstitial lung disease treatment aims to preserve lung function, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment is tailored to the specific type of ILD and may include medications to reduce inflammation and scarring, pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen, and, in severe cases, lung transplantation.  What medications and treatments are used in interstitial lung disease?  Medication for interstitial lung disease may include:  Corticosteroids: Prednisone is often prescribed to reduce lung inflammation.  Immunosuppressants: Drugs like mycophenolate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide help suppress the immune system.  Antifibrotic agents: Nintedanib and pirfenidone can slow the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Antacid therapy: Treats acid reflux, which can worsen ILD.  Other treatments:  Pulmonary rehabilitation: Supervised exercise and breathing techniques to improve lung function and reduce breathlessness.  Supplemental oxygen: Used as needed to maintain healthy blood oxygen levels.  Lung transplant surgery may be an option for some people with severe ILD not responding to other treatments.  How can we prevent interstitial lung disease?  While not all cases of ILD are preventable, you can reduce your risk by:  Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke to prevent lung damage.  Minimise exposure to environmental toxins (wear protective gear if needed).  Check your home for mould, asbestos, and other contaminants.  Treat chronic heartburn to reduce lung inflammation.  Stay current with flu and pneumonia vaccinations.  Manage autoimmune disorders with your doctor.  Get early screening if there's a family history of ILD.  What is the outlook for interstitial lung disease?  The interstitial lung disease life expectancy varies depending on the specific type and severity. Some forms of ILD, like sarcoidosis, may stabilise or even improve with treatment. Others, like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, tend to worsen over time despite treatment.  In general, the prognosis is better when ILD is diagnosed and treated early, before extensive scarring occurs. Staying actively involved in your treatment, following a healthy lifestyle, and promptly reporting any new symptoms to your doctor can help you maintain the best possible quality of life.  What are the complications of interstitial lung disease?  Potential complications of ILD include:  High blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension)  Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)  Respiratory failure  Increased risk of infections like pneumonia  What is the life expectancy of a person with interstitial lung disease?  Interstitial lung disease life expectancy ranges from 2-5 years after diagnosis on average but varies widely depending on the type of ILD:  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Median survival 3-5 years; some live longer.  Sarcoidosis: 90% survive >10 years, often remits.  Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Trigger removal may halt progression; severe cases need transplants.  Prognosis affected by age, health, severity  Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.  How do I take care of myself with interstitial lung disease?  In addition to following your treatment plan, you can take steps to feel your best with ILD:  Pace yourself and take breaks.  Maintain a healthy weight for easier breathing.  Eat a balanced diet with fruits, veggies, and lean protein.  Stay current with flu and pneumonia vaccines.  Avoid smoke, dust, and lung irritants.  Join a support group for encouragement.  When to see a doctor for interstitial lung disease?  See your doctor promptly if you experience:  Worsening breathlessness or cough  Chest pain or palpitations  Unintended weight loss  Fatigue that disrupts daily activities  Any new or concerning symptoms  Conclusion  Living with interstitial lung disease can be challenging, but with the right knowledge and support, you can effectively manage your condition and improve your quality of life. Remember to work closely with your healthcare team, follow your treatment plan, and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. If you need reliable diagnostic services, consider Metropolis Healthcare, a leading chain of diagnostic labs across India committed to delivering accurate results and personalised care to help you prioritise your health. 

Erythema Nodosum, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Preventive Healthcare

Erythema Nodosum: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment for Skin Inflammation

Erythema nodosum is a type of panniculitis, which refers to inflammation of the fat layer under your skin. This condition causes distinctive, painful red or purple bumps to develop, usually on the shins. However, in some cases, these nodules can also appear on the arms or other areas of the body. It's important to understand that erythema nodosum is not a disease in itself but rather a sign of some other underlying issue, such as an infection, inflammatory disorder, or reaction to certain medications. Identifying and treating the root cause is a key aspect of managing this condition.  Who does erythema nodosum affect?  Studies show that erythema nodosum is more common in females than males, with women being six times more likely to develop this condition compared to men. However, among children, boys and girls are affected equally. While erythema nodosum can occur at any age, it most often affects young adults between the ages of 20-30 years old. It is more common in women, typically affecting young adults aged 20–30.  How common is erythema nodosum?  Erythema nodosum is a relatively rare condition, with an incidence rate of approximately 1–5 cases per 100,000 people.  How does erythema nodosum affect our body?  When you have erythema nodosum, the layer of fat under your skin becomes inflamed, leading to the formation of tender nodules. This inflammation process can be quite uncomfortable, often causing pain in the affected areas. Additionally, many people with erythema nodosum experience other systemic symptoms like fever, fatigue, and joint aches, which can leave you feeling unwell overall.  What are the symptoms of erythema nodosum?  The hallmark symptom of erythema nodosum is the appearance of red, tender bumps on the skin, most commonly on the shins. These nodules can be quite painful, especially when touched or pressed. Other accompanying symptoms may include:  Fever  Joint pain  Swollen, painful joints  Fatigue  General feeling of being unwell  Over time, you may notice the colour of the nodules changing from bright red to purple or brown shades as they start to heal.  Where do symptoms of erythema nodosum affect our body?  In most cases, the painful red or purple nodules characteristic of erythema nodosum develop on the shins. Less commonly, you may notice these bumps appearing on your arms or other parts of the body.  What causes erythema nodosum?  Erythema nodosum can be triggered by a variety of underlying issues, so let's take a closer look at some of the most common causes:  Infections  Several types of infections have been linked to the development of erythema nodosum, such as:  Streptococcal infections  Tuberculosis  Fungal diseases like coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis  Some atypical pneumonias, like psittacosis  Identifying and treating the specific infection is crucial for managing erythema nodosum in these cases.  Underlying conditions  Certain chronic health issues can also trigger erythema nodosum, particularly:  Inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease  Sarcoidosis, an inflammatory disorder affecting multiple organs  Some types of cancer, such as lymphoma or pancreatic cancer  Pregnancy, likely due to hormonal changes  If you have a history of any of these conditions and develop symptoms of erythema nodosum, it's important to consult your doctor.  Side effects of a medication  In some cases, erythema nodosum can develop as a reaction to certain medications, most often:  Antibiotics containing sulfa or penicillin  Bromides and iodides  Oral contraceptives  If you suspect a drug reaction, inform your doctor immediately. They may advise discontinuing the medication or exploring alternative options.  How is erythema nodosum diagnosed?  To diagnose erythema nodosum, your doctor will likely:  Examine your skin and review your symptoms  Take a detailed medical history  Order tests such as:  A skin biopsy of the nodule  Chest X-ray to check for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis  Blood tests to identify any underlying infection or inflammation  Tuberculin skin test  In many cases, a biopsy can provide confirmation of erythema nodosum, although identifying the exact underlying trigger may require additional tests and investigation.  How is erythema nodosum treated?  The treatment approach for erythema nodosum often depends on the specific underlying cause. Key aspects of treatment typically include:  Stopping any suspected triggering medications  Treating any underlying infections or health conditions  Managing painful symptoms with:  Rest and leg elevation  Cool compresses applied to nodules  Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or naproxen  Potent steroid creams or oral steroids in severe cases  In most cases, erythema nodosum resolves on its own within several weeks as the underlying trigger is treated. Following your doctor's recommended treatment plan is important for effective healing.  Which medications treat erythema nodosum?  Medications that may be used to treat erythema nodosum include:  NSAIDs like ibuprofen for pain relief  Antibiotics to target any underlying bacterial infection  Oral corticosteroids for severe symptoms, used cautiously to avoid worsening infections  What foods should I avoid if I have erythema nodosum?  Currently, there are no specific dietary restrictions recommended for people with erythema nodosum. However, it's always wise to follow a healthy, well-balanced diet to support your body's healing process.  How soon after treatment will we feel better?  While everyone's healing journey is unique, most people with erythema nodosum start to feel better within a few weeks to months after starting appropriate treatment. You may notice the pain and swelling improving quite quickly, but it can take several weeks or even months for the nodules to fully heal and disappear.   How can we prevent erythema nodosum?  Because erythema nodosum is usually a reaction to another underlying health issue or medication, prevention can be tricky. However, you may be able to lower your risk by:  Treat infections promptly.  Avoid trigger medications when possible.  Manage chronic health conditions carefully.  Schedule regular doctor check-ups.  Take proactive steps to support overall health.  What is the outlook for erythema nodosum?  For most people, the outlook for erythema nodosum is quite good. With proper treatment, the painful nodules usually heal completely within a few weeks to months without any long-term consequences. However, it's important to be aware that erythema nodosum can sometimes recur, either due to a repeat exposure to a trigger or as a result of the underlying health issue. As such, ongoing monitoring and management of any related health conditions is important for preventing future episodes. Rest assured, though, that erythema nodosum is generally very responsive to treatment, and you can get back to your normal activities after the nodules heal.  Is erythema nodosum life-threatening?  Erythema nodosum is usually not life-threatening, though painful. Rarely, it signals serious conditions like tuberculosis or cancer. Seeking a doctor’s diagnosis is essential to rule out underlying issues and ensure proper treatment, as self-diagnosis could miss serious concerns. Most cases are benign inflammatory reactions manageable with medical guidance.  When should I see a doctor for erythema nodosum?  It's important to see your doctor if you develop the characteristic red, tender bumps of erythema nodosum. While this condition is not an emergency, it does require medical attention to determine the underlying cause and start appropriate treatment. Additionally, see your doctor promptly if:  Nodules are very painful or swollen.  Fever or systemic symptoms present.  Medication may be causing the reaction.  Symptoms persist or recur.  Accurate diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ruling out serious issues.  Conclusion  Dealing with painful, red bumps on your skin from erythema nodosum can certainly be an alarming experience. If you're concerned that you or a loved one may have erythema nodosum, don't hesitate to visit your doctor for a thorough evaluation and personalised treatment plan. And if you need any diagnostic tests to get to the root of the issue, know that you can turn to Metropolis Healthcare. As one of India's leading chains of pathology labs, Metropolis offers a wide range of tests with a focus on accuracy, reliability, and convenience. Remember, your health is always worth prioritising, and compassionate care is available to help you get your skin back to a healthier state. 

Polydipsia, Excessive Thirst
Preventive Healthcare

Polydipsia: Understanding Excessive Thirst and Its Underlying Causes

Have you ever felt an unquenchable thirst that persists no matter how much water you drink? This condition, known as polydipsia, or excessive thirst, can be a symptom of various underlying health issues. While it's normal to feel thirsty after exercise or on a hot day, persistent and unexplained thirst can be a cause for concern. In this article, we'll explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for polydipsia, helping you understand when it's time to seek medical attention.  What is polydipsia?  Polydipsia is a medical term that describes an increased feeling of thirst, leading to excessive fluid intake. It often goes hand in hand with polyuria, which is the production of an abnormally large volume of urine. While polydipsia itself is not a disease, it can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions that affect the body's ability to regulate fluid balance.  What causes excessive thirst?  Several factors can contribute to the development of excessive thirst:  Diabetes mellitus: High blood sugar levels in diabetes can lead to dehydration, triggering thirst.  Diabetes insipidus: A condition that affects the body's ability to regulate fluid balance, causing excessive urination and thirst.  Dehydration: Illnesses, excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea can cause dehydration, leading to thirst.  Medications: Certain medications, such as diuretics and antipsychotics, can cause dry mouth and increased thirst.  Chronic stress or anxiety: Psychological factors can sometimes contribute to excessive thirst.  What's causing my excessive thirst at night?   If you find yourself waking up frequently at night with an unquenchable thirst, it could be due to:  Uncontrolled diabetes: Both diabetes mellitus and insipidus can cause nocturnal polyuria and polydipsia.  Sleep disorders: Conditions like sleep apnea can disrupt normal bodily functions, leading to increased thirst.  Medications: Some medications taken before bedtime may cause dry mouth or increase urine production.  What can we do at home to treat polydipsia?   The treatment for polydipsia depends on the underlying cause. However, some general steps you can take at home include:  Stay hydrated: Ensure you're drinking enough water throughout the day, especially if you're experiencing excessive thirst.  Monitor your fluid intake: Keep track of how much you're drinking, and if it seems excessive, consult your healthcare provider.  Manage underlying conditions: If you have diabetes or other health issues, work with your doctor to keep them under control.  How can polydipsia be prevented?  Preventing polydipsia involves addressing the root causes:  Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and manage stress to prevent dehydration and excessive thirst.  Manage chronic conditions: If you have diabetes or other health issues, follow your treatment plan to keep symptoms under control.  Stay hydrated: Drink water regularly, especially during hot weather or exercise, to prevent dehydration-related thirst.  When should polydipsia be treated by a doctor?  It's important to seek medical attention if:  Your excessive thirst persists or worsens over time.  You have other symptoms like fatigue, unexplained weight loss, or blurred vision.  You have a family history of diabetes or other endocrine disorders.  Your thirst is accompanied by polydipsia and polyuria (excessive urination).  What are the complications of polydipsia?   If left untreated, polydipsia can lead to several complications:  Dehydration: Despite increased fluid intake, you may still become dehydrated if your body is losing fluids faster than you can replace them.  Electrolyte imbalances: Drinking too much water can dilute essential electrolytes in your body, leading to imbalances.  Kidney strain: Chronic polyuria associated with polydipsia can put extra strain on your kidneys over time.  What test will be done for polydipsia?   To diagnose the underlying cause of polydipsia, your doctor may recommend:  Blood tests: to check for diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, and other endocrine disorders.  Urine tests: To assess kidney function and check for signs of dehydration or diabetes.  Water deprivation test: In some cases, this test may be done to diagnose diabetes insipidus.  How much water a day would be considered polydipsia?   While individual fluid needs vary, polydipsia is generally defined as:  Drinking more than 3L (100 oz) of fluids per day for men.  Drinking more than 2.2L (74 oz) of fluids per day for women.  However, it's important to note that these are just general guidelines, and excessive thirst should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.  How do doctors treat polydipsia?  The polydipsia treatment depends on the underlying cause:  For diabetes mellitus: Managing blood sugar levels through medication, diet, and lifestyle changes.  For diabetes insipidus: treating the underlying cause and using medications like desmopressin to control thirst and urine output.  For psychogenic polydipsia: Addressing underlying mental health conditions through therapy and medication.  Conclusion  Polydipsia, or excessive thirst, can be a distressing symptom that significantly impacts your daily life. By understanding the various causes, symptoms, and treatment options for polydipsia, you can take steps to manage your thirst and prevent potential complications. If you experience persistent excessive thirst, along with other symptoms like polydipsia and polyuria, it's crucial to consult your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.  At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of accurate diagnosis in managing conditions like polydipsia in diabetes and other disorders. Our team of experienced phlebotomists offers convenient at-home blood sample collection, ensuring your tests are processed promptly at our state-of-the-art labs. With a commitment to delivering reliable results and personalised care, Metropolis Healthcare empowers you to take control of your health and well-being. 

Polyhydramnios during Pregnancy
Preventive Healthcare

Polyhydramnios: Causes, Risks, and Management During Pregnancy

When you're pregnant, amniotic fluid plays a crucial role in your baby's development. But in some cases, excessive accumulation of this fluid, a condition called polyhydramnios, can occur. If you've been diagnosed with polyhydramnios or are concerned about excess amniotic fluid in pregnancy, it's natural to have questions. In this article, we'll delve into the causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment options for polyhydramnios, helping you navigate this condition with knowledge and confidence.  What is polyhydramnios?  Polyhydramnios is a condition characterised by an abnormally high amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby in the uterus. While amniotic fluid is essential for the baby's growth and protection, an excess can lead to complications for both mother and child. The fluid puts pressure on the uterus and nearby organs, potentially causing discomfort and other symptoms.  How common is polyhydramnios?  Polyhydramnios is a relatively rare condition, affecting about 1-2% of pregnancies.  What are the symptoms of polyhydramnios?  The symptoms of polyhydramnios can vary, and some women may not experience noticeable signs. However, common symptoms of polyhydramnios include:  Rapid enlargement of the abdomen  Tightness or discomfort in the stomach  Difficulty breathing, especially when lying down  Swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles  Uterine contractions or pressure  Difficulty feeling the baby's movements  If you notice any of these symptoms, especially a sudden increase in abdominal size, consult your healthcare provider promptly.  What is the most common cause of polyhydramnos?  In many cases, the exact cause of polyhydramnios is unknown. However, some factors that can contribute to the development of this condition include:  Gestational diabetes  Twin or multiple pregnancies  Congenital abnormalities in the baby  Infections during pregnancy  Problems with the baby's ability to swallow amniotic fluid  Identifying the underlying cause, if possible, is crucial for determining the appropriate management approach.  How is polyhydramnios diagnosed?  Polyhydramnios is typically diagnosed through an ultrasound examination, which measures the amount of amniotic fluid in the uterus. The diagnosis may be made during a routine prenatal check-up if your uterus appears larger than expected for your stage of pregnancy.  Your doctor may perform additional tests to assess the severity of the condition and identify potential causes:  Detailed ultrasound to examine the baby's anatomy  Fetal echocardiography to evaluate the baby's heart  Amniocentesis to test the amniotic fluid for infections or genetic disorders  These tests provide valuable information for determining the best course of action for managing polyhydramnos.  How is polyhydramnios treated?  The treatment of polyhydramnios depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. In mild cases, close monitoring may be sufficient, as the condition may resolve on its own. For more severe cases, treatment options include:  Amnioreduction: Draining excess amniotic fluid through a needle inserted into the uterus  Medications: Prescribing drugs like indomethacin to reduce amniotic fluid production  Treating underlying conditions: Managing issues like gestational diabetes  Your healthcare provider will discuss the risks and benefits of each approach to determine the most suitable treatment plan for your situation.  What are the complications of having polyhydramnios?  While most cases of polyhydramnios resolve without serious issues, potential complications include:  Premature labor and delivery  Placental abruption (separation of the placenta from the uterus)  Umbilical cord prolapse (cord slips into the birth canal ahead of the baby)  Postpartum hemorrhage  Regular prenatal care and monitoring are essential for identifying and managing any complications promptly.  How to prevent polyhydramnios?  There is no guaranteed way to prevent polyhydramnios, as the cause is often unknown. However, managing conditions like gestational diabetes and attending regular prenatal check-ups can help detect and address issues early.  What is the outlook for polyhydramnios?  The outlook for pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios depends on the severity and underlying cause. Most women with mild to moderate polyhydramnios can have healthy pregnancies and deliveries with proper management. However, severe cases may require specialised care and close monitoring to minimise risks.  Your healthcare team will work with you to develop an individualised plan to ensure the best possible outcome for you and your baby.  How does polyhydramnios affect the baby?  Polyhydramnios can impact the baby in several ways:  Increased risk of preterm birth  Malpresentation (abnormal position) during delivery  Cord compression, affecting blood flow and oxygen supply  Congenital abnormalities, in some cases  Careful monitoring of the baby's growth and well-being is crucial for identifying and addressing any concerns promptly.  Can you have a healthy baby with polyhydramnios?  Yes, many women with polyhydramnios go on to have healthy babies with proper prenatal care and management.  Will you need a C-section?  While polyhydramnios doesn't necessarily require a caesarean delivery, your doctor may recommend a C-section if there are concerns about complications during labour.  What can we do to help relieve symptoms of polyhydramnios? To manage the symptoms of polyhydramnios, try these tips:  Rest and elevate your feet to reduce swelling  Wear loose, comfortable clothing  Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet  Attend all prenatal appointments for monitoring  If symptoms worsen or you have concerns, don't hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider.  When should we see a doctor for polyhydramnios?  It's essential to consult your doctor if you notice any signs or symptoms of polyhydramnios, such as:  Rapid increase in abdomen size  Difficulty breathing  Decreased fetal movement  Contractions or pain  Prompt evaluation and management can help minimise risks and ensure the best possible care for you and your baby.  Conclusion  Navigating a pregnancy complicated by polyhydramnios can be challenging, but with the right information and support, you can take steps to protect your health and your baby's well-being. By understanding the causes, risks, and management of polyhydramnios, you can work with your healthcare team to develop a plan that meets your unique needs.  At Metropolis Healthcare, we understand the importance of accurate diagnosis and personalised care. Our network of state-of-the-art diagnostic labs across India and skilled technicians offer reliable pathology testing services, including prenatal screenings, to help you make informed decisions about your health. With convenient at-home sample collection and online report access, we strive to make prioritising your well-being as simple as possible.  Remember, you are not alone in this journey. With proper medical guidance and a proactive approach, you can navigate polyhydramnios with confidence and focus on the joys of welcoming your little one into the world. 

Septicemia, Sign of Blood Poisoning
Preventive Healthcare

Septicemia: Recognizing the Signs of Blood Poisoning and Seeking Prompt Treatment

Septicemia, also known as blood poisoning, is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. It occurs when an infection spreads through the bloodstream, triggering a severe inflammatory response throughout the body. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment of septicemia is crucial for early recognition and prompt intervention. In this article, we'll explore what septicemia is, how it differs from sepsis, who is at risk, and what steps you can take to prevent and manage this serious condition.  What is septicemia?  Septicemia is a serious medical condition characterised by the presence of bacteria or other infectious agents in the bloodstream, leading to a severe inflammatory response called sepsis. When left untreated, septicemia can progress to septic shock, a life-threatening condition marked by dangerously low blood pressure and organ failure.  Septicemia vs. sepsis: What is the difference?  While septicemia and sepsis are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. Septicemia specifically refers to the presence of infectious agents in the blood, while sepsis is the body's overwhelming inflammatory response to an infection. Septicemia can lead to sepsis, which, if left untreated, can progress to septic shock, a severe and potentially fatal condition.  Who might get blood poisoning?  Anyone can develop septicemia, but certain factors increase the risk, including:  Weakened immune system due to conditions like diabetes, cancer, or HIV/AIDS  Advanced age (over 65 years old)  Infancy (under 1 year old)  Recent surgery or invasive medical procedures  Presence of indwelling medical devices such as catheters or breathing tubes  What germs can cause septicemia?  Septicemia can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, bacterial infections are the most common culprits, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pneumonia.  How does septicemia affect our body?  When infectious agents enter the bloodstream, the body's immune system mounts a severe inflammatory response to fight the infection. This systemic inflammation can lead to poor blood flow, organ dysfunction, and, in severe cases, organ failure.  What causes septicemia?  Septicemia causes include infections that originate from various sources, such as:  Pneumonia or other respiratory infections  Urinary tract infections  Skin infections, such as cellulitis or infected wounds  Abdominal infections, like appendicitis or diverticulitis  Infections associated with indwelling medical devices, such as catheters or IV lines  What are the symptoms of septicemia?  Common septicemia symptoms include:  High fever or low body temperature  Rapid heart rate and breathing  Confusion or disorientation  Shaking or chills  Decreased urine output  How is septicemia diagnosed?  Diagnosing septicemia involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Blood cultures are essential to identify the specific infectious agent causing the condition. Other diagnostic tests may include a complete blood count, lactate level, and imaging studies to locate the infection source.  How is septicemia treated?  Prompt septicemia treatment is crucial and typically includes:  Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics to fight the infection  Fluids and medications to maintain blood pressure and support organ function  Oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing  Surgery to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses, if necessary  Close monitoring in an intensive care unit  How soon after septicemia treatment will we feel better?  Recovery time varies depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health. Some people may start feeling better within a few days of starting treatment, while others may require weeks or even months to fully recover.  How can we reduce our risk of septicemia?  Septicemia prevention strategies include:  Staying up to date with vaccinations  Practice good hygiene, especially handwashing  Promptly cleaning and caring for wounds  Seeking early medical attention for infections  Managing chronic medical conditions effectively  What is the outlook for people with septicemia?  The prognosis for septicemia depends on various factors, such as the patient's age, overall health, and the timeliness of treatment. Early recognition and prompt intervention significantly improve outcomes. However, even with proper treatment, septicemia can lead to long-term complications, such as post-sepsis syndrome, characterised by persistent physical and cognitive symptoms.  Is septicemia contagious?  Septicemia itself is not contagious, but the underlying infections that cause it can be. For example, bacterial infections like pneumonia or strep throat can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets or close contact.  When should we see a doctor for septicemia?  Seek immediate medical attention if you or someone you know experiences symptoms of septicemia, such as high fever, rapid heart rate, confusion, or difficulty breathing. Early recognition and treatment are critical for preventing severe complications and improving the chances of a full recovery.  Conclusion  Septicemia is a serious medical emergency that requires swift action and expert care. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for blood poisoning, you can be better prepared to recognise the signs and seek prompt medical attention. Remember, early intervention is key to preventing life-threatening complications and promoting a full recovery.  If you suspect that you or a loved one may have septicemia, don't hesitate to reach out to a healthcare professional. Metropolis Healthcare, a leading chain of diagnostic labs across India, offers accurate pathology testing services to help identify infections and guide appropriate treatment. With a team of qualified blood collection technicians and advanced diagnostic facilities, Metropolis Healthcare is committed to delivering reliable results and personalised care to empower patients in prioritising their health. 

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