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What is Plague? Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is primarily transmitted through fleas that infest small mammals. The disease manifests in three main forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Plague causes severe symptoms like high fever and weakness, and if untreated, it can be fatal. However, timely antibiotic treatment is effective against this disease. What Is the Plague Called Today? Even though it’s been centuries since it was called "The Black Death," which devastated Europe in the 14th century, the disease is still known as plague. This name highlights its fearsome history and devastating impact. Does the Plague Still Exist? Yes, the plague does still exists today. While it is not as widespread as during historical pandemics, occasional cases are reported in various continents, except Oceania. Since the 1990s, most human instances have been reported in Africa, especially in Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of Congo. What Are the Types of Plague? Plague is primarily categorised into three types: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic Plague Bubonic plague is the most common form and is usually transmitted through the bite of infected fleas. The bacterium Yersinia pestis enters the body and travels to the nearest lymph node, causing it to swell and become painful, forming a "bubo." If left untreated, bubonic plague can progress to septicemic plague. Septicemic Plague Septicemic plague occurs when Yersinia pestis spreads directly into the bloodstream. It can develop from untreated bubonic plague or through contact with infected materials. This plague symptoms includes fever, chills, abdominal pain, and bleeding, which can cause severe complications like organ failure and gangrene. Septicemic plague can be especially deadly, with a high mortality rate if not treated promptly. Pneumonic Plague Pneumonic plague is the most severe and least common type of plague. It can develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague or through inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected person. Pneumonic plague causes to severe respiratory symptoms and is highly contagious, making it capable of causing outbreaks. Understanding plague types is important because each form has different transmission methods and treatment protocols. Recognising how plague causes illness in various ways is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. What Is the Difference Between Bubonic And Pneumonic Plague? Both plague types are serious, but pneumonic plague is especially dangerous because it spreads between people through respiratory droplets. This airborne transmission makes pneumonic plague much more contagious than bubonic plague, which primarily spreads through flea bites or contact with infected animal tissue. Who Does Plague Affect? Historically, plague has not discriminated; it has affected people of all ages, genders, social classes, and continents except Antarctica. Tens of millions of deaths have been recorded across three major pandemics in human history, including the 'Black Death,' which alone claimed about 25 million lives in Europe. This disease has had a significant impact on our world. How Common Is Plague? Although major plague pandemics belong to history books now, isolated cases still occur globally. Since the 1990s, most human cases have been reported in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, and Peru. In Madagascar, bubonic plague cases are reported almost every year during the epidemic season, which spans between September and April. How Does Plague Affect My Body? The Yersinia pestis bacteria typically enters the human body through a bite from infected flea. Once inside, it can manifest in three main forms, depending on the plague types: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is characterised by swollen and painful lymph nodes called buboes. The bacteria multiply in a lymph node, usually near to the site of the flea bite. Septicemic plague causes the bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, leading to severe symptoms such as extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and even bleeding into the skin and other organs. Pneumonic plague is the most severe form of plague characterised by the infection of the lungs. It can develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague or when a person inhales infectious droplets from another person or animal with pneumonic plague. What Was the Deadliest Plague? The deadliest plague was undoubtedly the Black Death which raged across Europe from 1348 to 1350. Often referred to as 'the plague', this infamous pandemic resulted in the deaths of about 25 million people, nearly a third of Europe's population at the time. What Are the Symptoms of Plague? Plague symptoms vary depending on the type of plague: Bubonic Plague: Sudden fever, headache, chills, and one or more painful, swollen lymph nodes. Septicemic Plague: Fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, and possible bleeding into the skin or other organs. Pneumonic Plague: Fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia, accompanied by shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough. What Does Plague Look Like? Visual symptoms vary depending on the type of plague. Bubonic plague is characterised by visibly swollen lymph nodes, known as 'buboes.' Septicemic plague can cause the skin and tissues to turn black and die due to gangrene. Pneumonic plague primarily affect the lungs, causing to respiratory distress. What Causes Plague? Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted to humans primarily through flea bites, but also via contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials, or inhalation of droplets from a patient with pneumonic plague. How Does Plague Spread? Plague usually spreads through flea bites. Fleas become infected when they feed on small mammals, like rats, that carry the bacteria. When these infected fleas bite humans, they transmit the bacteria, leading to plague. Additionally, individuals with the pneumonic form of the disease can spread it to others through airborne droplets. What Animals Carry Plague? Plague bacteria circulate among various small mammals, including rats, mice, voles, squirrels, and rabbits, along with their fleas. Pets like dogs and cats can also contract plague by eating infected animals or carrying fleas that harbor the bacteria. Is Plague Contagious? Bubonic and septicemic plague types are not directly contagious between humans, but pneumonic plague can be transmitted through respiratory droplets expelled by infected individual or animal when they coughs or sneezes. How Is Plague Diagnosed? Plague is diagnosed through laboratory testing, as symptoms can be non-specific. Medical professionals typically collect samples from the patient, such as blood or fluid from swollen lymph nodes (buboes). These samples are then tested for the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is the plague-cause agent. Rapid diagnostic tests can also detect plague within minutes by identifying specific antigens. Early diagnosis is crucial, since prompt antibiotic treatment significantly improves the chances of recovery, especially when plague causes severe illness. What Tests Are Done to Diagnose Plague? Diagnosis involves laboratory tests to identify Yersinia pestis in a sample of body fluid or tissue. The type of test used depends on the individual's symptoms and their length of illness. How is Plague Treated? Plague treatment involves the immediate administration of antibiotics, which is crucial for recovery. Getting timely plague treatment significantly reduces mortality rates, and most patients start to feel better within one to two weeks. Supportive care, like oxygen therapy and hydration, may also be needed. Prompt plague treatment is important as untreated cases can lead to serious complications or death. What Medications Are Used to Treat Plague? Plague is usually treated with antibiotics, and the choice of medication depends on factors such as the type of plague, the patient's age, and their overall health. How Can I Prevent Plague? Prevention strategies for plague include avoiding areas where the disease is active, using insect repellent, reducing rodent habitats around your home, and keeping pets free from fleas. These measures can help minimize the risk of infection. Is There a Vaccine for Plague? Several experimental plague vaccines have been developed, including live-attenuated and subunit vaccines, but none have received FDA approval for human use. Research is ongoing to explore new vaccine candidates, with a focus on ensuring their safety and effectiveness. What Should I Expect If I Have Plague? If diagnosed and treated promptly, recovery from plague is generally good. However untreated bubonic plague can develop into more severe forms, such as septicemic or pneumonic plague, which can be fatal. Therefore, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial. How Long Does Plague Last? The duration of illness can vary depending on the type of plague and when treatment is started. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, patients begin to start improvement within two days. Buboes caused by bubonic plague may take several weeks to resolve. What Are the Complications of Plague? Without prompt treatment, plague causes serious complications such as gangrene from tissue death, often seen in septicemic plague, or respiratory failure, which is common in pneumonic plague. How Do You Survive the Plague? Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for survival. If you experience potential plague symptoms, especially after being in a region where the disease is known to occur or after contact with rodents or fleas, seek immediate medical attention. What Is the Mortality Rate for Plague? If left untreated, the mortality rate for plague can rise to 60% for bubonic plague and 100% for pneumonic plague. However, with prompt medical treatment, this rate can significantly drop to below 15%. When Should I Consult About Plague? If you’ve been exposed to a plague-prone area or suspect you’ve been bitten by a flea and are experiencing symptoms similar to plague, it’s crucial to contact your healthcare provider immediately. What Historic Pandemics Were Caused By the Plague? Plague has been responsible for three major pandemics in human history: The Plague of Justinian in the 6th century The Black Death in the 14th century The third pandemic that started in China in the late 19th century and spread to all continents except Antarctica Conclusion Despite of its dark history, being aware of plague causes and symptoms help us prevent and treat it effectively. With the help of modern medicine and antibiotics, we can manage and control plague much more efficiently than before. At Metropolis Healthcare, we are dedicated to empower our patients with accurate information and reliable diagnostic services to help them prioritize their health. Our skilled technicians provide safe at-home sample collection, which is processed in our advanced diagnostic labs. Whether you need a routine health check-up or are exploring specific symptoms, Metropolis Healthcare is here to support you every step of the way on your journey to optimal health.

What is Pellagra? Pellagra is a medical condition resulting from niacin or vitamin B3 deficiency. Niacin plays a pivotal role in cell functioning throughout our body. Insufficient intake or absorption of this nutrient can trigger symptoms in various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, bowels and even the brain. If left untreated, pellagra can cause an irreparable damage to your nervous system and could be fatal. Pellagra is most prevalent in populations with limited access to diverse diets, especially those that rely heavily on corn, which is low in bioavailable niacin. An effective pellagra prevention method involves ensuring adequate dietary intake of niacin-rich foods, such as meat, fish, and legumes. While it is rare in developed countries due to better nutrition and food fortification, pellagra remains a significant health issue in some developing regions where malnutrition is common. What is Niacin and What do I Need it for? Niacin or vitamin B3 aids in converting food calories into energy. The niacin we consume gets absorbed through the small intestine into our body tissues where it gets transformed into a coenzyme called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This coenzyme plays a crucial role in over 400 different enzymatic reactions in our body. NAD helps convert the energy potential in macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the form of energy that our cells can utilise. It also partakes in specific cellular functions like DNA repair and cellular communication. How Does Niacin Deficiency Affect my Body? The paucity of NAD due to niacin deficiency most visibly impacts parts of the body with high energy requirements or cell turnover rates. These include your skin, gastrointestinal tract lining (mucous lining), and your brain. Therefore, classic pellagra symptoms are the "3 Ds": diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia. In some cases, a fourth "D" is added for death as it could be the final result if pellagra is left untreated for several years. Diarrhoea (Gastrointestinal Mucositis) Diarrhoea in pellagra occurs when the mucous lining of the intestines fails to regenerate fast enough. This deficiency can lead to improper digestion and increase susceptibility to inflammation. Chronic inflammation may affect the mucous lining along with your entire gastrointestinal tract, causing symptoms such as stomach pain, indigestion, mouth sores, and a red, swollen tongue Dermatitis (Skin Photosensitivity) People with pellagra often experience a distinctive type of dermatitis on the sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, neck, arms, legs, hands, and feet. This dermatitis start as rashes resembling sunburns but further progresses into rough, scaly, hyperpigmented plaques over time. One of the distinguishing signs of pellagra is a dark collar around the neck, known as 'Casal's collar. Dementia (Brain and Nerve Damage) Pellagra affects the body systemically as cells lack the energy they need. Over time, this deficiency can impact the brain and nervous system, leading to symptoms like lethargy, apathy, difficulty concentrating or anxiety and depression. As it progresses, symptoms may worsen into confusion and delusions. In severe cases, pellagra can cause permanent dementia and neurological damage, leading to balance problems and muscle tremors. Where is Pellagra Most Commonly Found? History Historically, pellagra was common in impoverished populations around the world where protein was limited and corn was a staple food. This includes areas such as Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Southern United States. In Central and South America, where corn was also a staple, people used a traditional method of making corn tortillas by soaking corn in limewater overnight. This process made the niacin in corn more absorbable and as a result, pellagra was rarely seen in these populations. However, in the early 1900s, pellagra was so rampant in the Southern United States that it led to a congressional investigation into the disease. This investigation discovered that pellagra was due to a poor diet, (published in 1923) and later the missing nutrient was identified as niacin. Current Day Today, pellagra is rare in industrialised countries like the United States because bread and cereal products are fortified with niacin. However, primary pellagra still exists in the lesser developed regions, especially among tribal populations t where corn is still the staple diet. It is most commonly found today in India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. What are the Symptoms of Pellagra? The primary pellagra symptoms are dermatitis, dementia and diarrhoea. Dermatitis This often manifests as a rash on sun-exposed areas such as face, lips, feet or hands. Some people may also show a "Casal necklace," which is dermatitis around the neck. Other symptoms include: Red, flaky skin Areas of discolouration Thick, crusty or cracked skin Itchy, burning patches of skin Dementia Early signs of dementia due to pellagra may include apathy, depression, confusion, or mood changes. As the condition progresses one may experience headaches, restlessness or anxiety and even disorientation or delusions. Other possible pellagra symptoms include: Sores on lips, tongue or gums Decreased appetite Trouble eating and drinking Nausea and vomiting What are the Causes of Pellagra? Pellagra is primarily caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3) or tryptophan, an amino acid that the body converts into niacin. There are two main types of pellagra: primary and secondary. Primary pellagra occurs due to inadequate dietary intake of niacin or tryptophan, often seen in populations that rely on corn as a staple food. Corn contains niacytin, which is not well absorbed unless it is processed correctly, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. Secondary pellagra arises when the body cannot absorb niacin effectively, which may be due to conditions like alcoholism, gastrointestinal diseases (such as Crohn's disease), or certain medications. These factors disrupt the absorption of nutrients, ultimately leading to pellagra symptoms. Understanding these pellagra causes is important for developing an effective prevention strategies such as promoting a balanced diet rich in niacin and addressing any underlying health issues that might affect nutrient absorption. Effective Pellagra prevention focuses on ensuring adequate dietary intake and managing conditions that can lead to nutrient deficiencies. How is Pellagra Diagnosed? Your healthcare provider will check your symptoms and ask about your medical history and diet. If they think you might have pellagra, they may order a urine test to confirm it. This test looks at certain chemicals in your urine to see if you have enough niacin. They might also give you niacin supplements to see if that helps your symptoms. What is the Cure for Pellagra? Treatment for primary pellagra involves dietary changes and using niacin or nicotinamide supplements, which could be given orally or intravenously. Many people can make a full recovery and start feeling better within a few days of starting treatment early. Treatment for secondary pellagra usually focuses on addressing the underlying cause. However, some cases of secondary pellagra also respond well to oral or intravenous niacin or nicotinamide supplementation. While recovering from either primary or secondary pellagra, it's important to keep any rashes moisturised and protected with sunscreen. Are there any Side Effects to the Treatment? If you follow the prescribed dosage of the supplements, you usually won’t experience any side effects. However, some people might experience reactions like skin flushing or upset stomach. While side effects can arise from overdosing, it’s generally challenging to do so when addressing a deficiency. How Do you Prevent Pellagra? To prevent pellagra, it's crucial to consume a balanced diet rich in niacin. Foods like lean meats, fish, nuts, whole grains and fortified cereals are good sources of this nutrient. It's also advised to limit alcohol consumption as it interferes with the body's ability to absorb niacin. How Long Does it Take to Recover from Pellagra? The recovery time from pellagra can vary depending on how long the condition has been present and the severity of the symptoms. With early treatment, many people start feeling better within a few days of starting treatment. However, skin improvement might take a few months. Conclusion Pellagra, while rare in developed countries, remains a serious health issue in populations that rely heavily on corn as a dietary staple and have low niacin intake. Understanding the pellagra causes, symptoms, and pellagra treatment options is essential for managing this condition effectively. At Metropolis Healthcare, we are committed to delivering accurate diagnostic services and preventive health check-ups that empower you to take charge of your health. Our skilled technicians offer convenient at-home sample collection for testing at our advanced diagnostic labs. Test reports are conveniently shared online, ensuring you have access to reliable healthcare data whenever needed!

What is Tinnitus? Tinnitus is a common ear condition where people hear sounds like ringing in the ears, humming, or buzzing, even when no actual external sound is present. It can be present in one or both ears, and the intensity can range from mild to severe. In some cases, tinnitus can be temporary and improve over time. However, for others, it becomes chronic lasting three months or longer. Contrary to some beliefs, tinnitus is not a disease itself but an indicator of underlying conditions, often associated with some degree of hearing loss. Although it's typically doesn’t severely impact daily life, more severe cases can lead to anxiety or depression. What is the Main Cause of Tinnitus? Tinnitus is often described as the perception of sound when no external source is present, commonly characterised by ringing in the ears or buzzing noises. The main cause of tinnitus is damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, a part of the inner ear that is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals. This damage can occur due to prolonged exposure to loud noises for a long time, which is a major risk factor for developing tinnitus. Age-related hearing loss, called presbycusis, is another common tinnitus cause. As people get older, their auditory system naturally weakens, which makes them more prone to experiencing tinnitus. Other common tinnitus causes include ear infections and blockages from earwax or fluid buildup in the middle ear. These issues can disrupt normal hearing and result in the perception of phantom sounds. Certain medical conditions can also lead to tinnitus. For instance, high blood pressure and circulation issues can affect blood flow to the inner ear, making tinnitus symptoms worse. Additionally, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders can create discomfort in the jaw area that may trigger or worsen tinnitus. Certain medications are known to be ototoxic, meaning they can damage the inner ear and lead to tinnitus symptoms. These include some antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and high doses of aspirin. Understanding the tinnitus causes is important for effective management and treatment. Identifying and addressing the underlying conditions can often reduce symptoms, leading to a better quality of life for those affected by this condition. How is Tinnitus Diagnosed? To diagnose tinnitus, a doctor will first check for any blockages in the ear canal that could be causing the symptoms. After reviewing your medical history and conducting a physical examination, you may be referred to an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) or an audiologist for further assessment. In some cases, your doctor may order imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to look for any structural abnormalities that could be contributing to the condition. Remember that each situation is unique, so your doctor's diagnostic approach may vary based on your specific symptoms and medical history. How is Tinnitus Treated? While there is no definitive cure for tinnitus, several treatments can help manage its symptoms and improve quality of life. Sound Therapies: Sound therapies are commonly used to cover up the ringing or buzzing associated with tinnitus. These can include hearing aids, sound generators, or even background music, all of which help distract the brain and create a more soothing environment. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective method for managing tinnitus. It aims to change how people think and respond to tinnitus by addressing distressing thoughts and teaching helpful coping strategies to manage the condition. Medications: Medications can also be beneficial, though there are no specific drugs approved for tinnitus treatment. Certain drugs, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs, may be prescribed to help reduce symptoms like anxiety, stress, or sleep disturbances. Ultimately, the best approach depends on individual needs and should be guided by a healthcare professional. It's important to consult a doctor before starting any treatment plan to ensure it is safe and effective. What Is the Best Way to Deal with Tinnitus? The best way to deal with tinnitus is through a combination of treatments and lifestyle changes tailored to your needs. Sound therapies such as white noise machines, hearing aids, or background music can help mask the ringing or buzzing sounds. Behavioural therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can assist in managing the emotional impact of tinnitus by teaching coping strategies and reducing anxiety or stress related to the condition. Some medications may be prescribed to address related symptoms such as depression or sleep disturbances. In addition, protecting your ears from loud noises, reducing caffeine and alcohol intake, managing stress through relaxation techniques, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise can significantly help alleviate tinnitus symptoms. What Are the Complications of Untreated Tinnitus? If left untreated, tinnitus causes various complications such as sleep disturbances, difficulties with concentration, mental health issues like anxiety and depression, and reduced quality of life. Hence, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent tinnitus symptoms. Can Tinnitus be Prevented? While tinnitus cannot always be prevented, taking steps to protect your hearing and overall health can reduce the risk. One of the primary causes of tinnitus is exposure to loud noises. Wearing ear protection in noisy environments, such as concerts, workplaces, or when using power tools, is crucial. Limiting the volume when using headphones and taking breaks from loud sounds also help preserve hearing. Maintaining good cardiovascular health through regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking can prevent conditions like high blood pressure, which may contribute to tinnitus. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga, and avoiding excessive caffeine and alcohol intake can also minimise the chances of developing tinnitus. How to Talk with Doctor About Ringing in My Ears? If you have tinnitus, don't hesitate to discuss your symptoms with your doctor. Be open about the severity of your symptoms, the impact on your daily life, any triggers you've noticed, and any concerns about underlying conditions. Can You Live a Long Life with Tinnitus? Absolutely! While tinnitus can be challenging to deal with, it is not life-threatening. With effective treatment and management strategies, people can continue to lead active and fulfilling life despite having the condition. What is Tinnitus a Warning of? Tinnitus can be a warning sign of various underlying health issues. It is often associated with hearing loss, especially age-related or noise-induced damage. Additionally, tinnitus may indicate conditions such as ear infections, Meniere's disease, or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. More concerning tinnitus causes include vascular abnormalities, such as pulsatile tinnitus, which may suggest issues with blood flow near the ears or even tumours. If tinnitus occurs suddenly in one ear, it could signal sudden sensorineural hearing loss, requiring immediate medical attention. More serious tinnitus causes include vascular issues, such as pulsatile tinnitus, which can indicate problems with blood flow near the ears or even tumors. Sudden onset of tinnitus in one ear can suggest sudden sensorineural hearing loss, which requires prompt medical evaluation. Other symptoms that may accompany tinnitus, such as dizziness, pain, or ear drainage, can indicate more serious conditions that need evaluation. Recognising these warning signs is vital for timely diagnosis and treatment, as addressing the underlying issues can significantly improve the patient's quality of life and will potentially alleviate the tinnitus symptoms. Will Tinnitus Go Away? For some people, tinnitus may improve or even disappear over time; however, for others, it becomes chronic. With effective management strategies though, the impact on daily life can be significantly reduced. What Should I Avoid? To effectively manage tinnitus symptoms, it is essential to avoid certain triggers. Loud noise exposure is a significant factor; using ear protection, such as earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones, can help mitigate this risk. Additionally, it’s advisable to limit caffeine and alcohol intake, as both substances can exacerbate symptoms. Smoking should also be avoided, as it can disrupt blood flow to the ears and worsen tinnitus. Stress management is essential, and using relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation can help reduce anxiety and enhance overall well-being. Furthermore, maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise and a balanced diet supports ear health. Avoiding complete silence can be helpful; using background noise or white noise machines may help mask the sounds of tinnitus. By identifying and avoiding these triggers, individuals can better manage their tinnitus symptoms and improve their quality of life. What is the Best Cure for Tinnitus? While there is no definitive cure for tinnitus, combining treatments like sound therapies, behavioral therapies, and medications can effectively help manage its symptoms. Conclusion Tinnitus is a common yet often a misunderstood condition. By understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can better manage it. Always consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent tinnitus symptoms. At Metropolis Healthcare, we are committed to support your health journey, right from diagnosis to providing personalised care. Our team of skilled professionals are here to assist with at-home blood testing and health check-ups, making health management a priority. With our advanced diagnostic labs and user-friendly TruHealth app, we aim to empower you with reliable results and tailored care for a healthier future.

Introduction Life is like a complicated jigsaw puzzle, where every piece is important for completing the whole picture. Iodine is one of those crucial pieces. But, what happens if there's an iodine deficiency? In the hustle of our daily lives, we often overlook the importance of certain elements required for our body's optimal functioning. One such crucial yet underappreciated element is iodine. So here's a question - have you ever thought about your iodine intake? If you haven’t, it might be time to do so as iodine deficiency is a health concern that could silently be affecting you or your loved ones. In this article, we delve into iodine deficiency, its causes, symptoms and treatment options, along with tips for prevention and addressing iodine deficiency in children. What is Iodine Deficiency? Iodine deficiency occurs when the body doesn't get enough iodine, which is crucial for various functions. But why is iodine so important? This trace mineral helps converting food into energy and supports the thyroid gland in producing hormones that regulate critical processes like heart rate and digestion. Women are particularly at risk for iodine deficiency, which can lead to serious health issues such as infertility, autoimmune thyroid diseases, certain cancers, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and learning difficulties in children. What is Iodine? Iodine is a crucial element for normal growth and brain development. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce hormones that influence metabolism and are crucial for the brain, nerves, and bone development. Getting enough iodine is good for health, but too much can cause health problems. Who Does Iodine Deficiency Affect? While anyone can develop an iodine deficiency, certain groups are at a higher risk. This includes women, particularly those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, as well as unborn and newborn babies. Additionally, your geographical location and dietary habits play a significant role in iodine levels. For example, in some regions, the soil may lack sufficient iodine, leading to crops that are also deficient in this essential nutrient. Consuming these iodine-deficient crops or not including enough iodine-rich foods, such as seafood, in your diet can increase the likelihood of developing an iodine deficiency. Ensuring proper iodine intake is crucial for maintaining good health, especially for vulnerable populations. What Complications Can Occur Due To Iodine Deficiency? An iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism (under-active thyroid). For women, it can cause fertility issues and pose pregnancy problems such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. Unborn children and infants with iodine deficiency are susceptible to brain damage, intellectual disability and stunted growth. What Are the Symptoms of Iodine Deficiency? Recognising iodine deficiency symptoms can aid timely diagnosis and treatment. Some common symptoms include: Enlarged thyroid glands in the neck (goiter) Weight gain, fatigue and weakness Dry skin and hair loss Slowed heart rate Learning difficulties and memory problems Irregular or heavy menstrual periods In infants, iodine deficiency may manifest as: Frequent choking An enlarged tongue Puffy face Constipation What Causes Iodine Deficiency? Iodine deficiency causes range from eating foods grown in iodine-deficient soil to poor diet and nutrition. Autoimmune conditions that trigger hypothyroidism in teenagers are also a significant cause, especially among those with a family history of autoimmune diseases. A family history of autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis can also increase the risk. How is Iodine Deficiency Diagnosed? The diagnosis of iodine deficiency involves a physical examination followed by urine or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) blood tests. Abnormal TSH levels may call for further tests like ultrasound to examine the thyroid gland closely. How is Iodine Deficiency Treated? If you have been diagnosed with iodine deficiency, your doctor may recommend: Consuming more iodine-containing foods Using iodised salt Taking iodine supplements Remember that medical treatment should always be tailored to the individual's specific needs and monitored by a healthcare professional. How can I Prevent Iodine Deficiency? Prevention of iodine deficiency is primarily through a balanced diet rich in iodine. Some prevention strategies include: Eating seafood, which is naturally high in iodine Using iodised salt while cooking Consuming packaged bread containing iodised salt If you are pregnant, breastfeeding or planning a pregnancy, consider taking an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms per day as recommended by the National Institutes of Health. What can I Expect if I have an Iodine Deficiency? If you're diagnosed with an iodine deficiency, you may be referred to an endocrinologist who specialises in metabolism and hormones. You will likely require dietary modifications and potentially medication. The treatment plan suggested may include dietary changes, iodine supplements, and regular monitoring of your thyroid function. Conclusion Awareness is important in managing any health condition and iodine deficiency is not different. By understanding its implications, recognising symptoms early implementation of the preventative measures, one can take control of their health effectively. It is always advisable to consult healthcare providers for personalised medical advice and treatment. Metropolis Healthcare makes it easy to prioritise your health with accurate testing and health check-ups. Our skilled blood collection technicians can come to your home, and we have advanced labs for processing samples. You’ll receive your test reports online through email or the convenient Metropolis TruHealth app. Remember, taking care of your health is simple with the right information and support!

What Is Acanthosis Nigricans? Have you recently noticed a peculiar darkening skin in certain areas? Perhaps around your neck or under your arms? If yes, you might be witnessing signs of a condition known as acanthosis nigricans. The medical term might seem a little intimidating at first, we are here to explain it in simple terms. Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by dark, thickened patches that feel velvety to the touch. These patches usually appear in body folds and creases, such as the armpits, groin, and back of the neck. It's especially common in people with obesity and can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue like diabetes or, in rare cases, cancer. But don’t worry! With early detection and appropriate treatment, it’s manageable. Where Does Acanthosis Nigricans Appear? The unique characteristic of acanthosis nigricans is that it appears on specific parts of the body. Usually, these are areas where your skin folds over itself or rubs together. Commonly affected areas include: Armpits Back of the neck Groin area Elbows Knees Knuckles Rarely, it can also develop on the face, palms, soles of feet, or underneath female breasts. It becomes important to monitor these areas closely for any changes in the skin's texture or colour. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Contagious? Acanthosis nigricans is not contagious. It cannot be transmitted from one person to another, nor can it be contracted through contact with an affected individual. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Dangerous? Acanthosis nigricans itself is not a dangerous or life-threatening condition. However, it can be a warning sign of underlying health issues that require attention. The severity of acanthosis nigricans depends on the underlying cause: Acanthosis nigricans can be associated with cancer, especially gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas or genitourinary cancers, is considered malignant acanthosis nigricans. This type has a rapid onset and is a sign of advanced cancer. Sudden or rapid development of acanthosis nigricans may indicate an underlying malignancy and warrants further investigation. In rare cases, acanthosis nigricans can occur on mucous membranes like the nose, mouth, esophagus or larynx, which may cause complications. Who Gets Acanthosis Nigricans?   Acanthosis nigricans affects both men and women equally. It is especially prevalent in people with following risk factors: Overweight or obese people Diabetics or those with prediabetic conditions Individuals with a family history of acanthosis nigricans Additionally, children who develop this condition have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Moreover, studies in India have shown significant prevalence among adolescents who are obese or have low physical activity levels. Does Acanthosis Nigricans Mean I Have Diabetes? Acanthosis nigricans can be an indicator of insulin resistance, which is often linked with diabetes. Although having acanthosis nigricans does not guarantee a diabetes diagnosis, it is a common warning sign that may require further evaluation. An acanthosis nigricans diagnosis usually involves a physical exam and possibly blood tests to check blood sugar levels and other related issues. If diabetes or another underlying condition is identified, an appropriate acanthosis nigricans treatment can help manage both skin conditions and any underlying health issue. Addressing root causes, like improving diet and increasing physical activity, can lead to a reduction in the dark patches associated with acanthosis nigricans. How Common Is Acanthosis Nigricans? Despite being termed a 'rare disease', studies suggest that acanthosis nigricans is quite common among obese individuals. In fact, at least 50% of adults who weigh double their ideal body weight reportedly show signs of acanthosis nigricans. This reaffirms the strong link between obesity, insulin resistance, and this skin condition. What Are Symptoms Of Acanthosis Nigricans? Typical acanthosis nigricans symptoms include: Brown or black patches on the skin Skin that feels velvety The presence of skin tags Itchiness Symptoms typically develop gradually. However, if they appear suddenly, it's crucial to see a dermatologist immediately, as this could indicate cancer. How Is Acanthosis Nigricans Diagnosed? Acanthosis nigricans diagnosis is usually based on physical examination and medical history review. Sometimes, blood work or skin biopsy may be required for a confirmed diagnosis. Will Acanthosis Nigricans Go Away on its Own? Unfortunately, acanthosis nigricans won't go away on its own. However, addressing the underlying cause often helps restore the skin's normal colour and texture. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Reversible? Yes, acanthosis nigricans is reversible with the right treatment! While dark spots may not completely disappear, significant improvement can be observed post-treatment. What Is The Treatment For Acanthosis Nigricans? The treatment for acanthosis nigricans primarily focuses on addressing the underlying acanthosis nigricans causes, such as insulin resistance or obesity. Effective acanthosis nigricans treatment often involves lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and dietary adjustments, which can enhance insulin sensitivity and may help reduce the skin symptoms. Topical treatments can help lighten the dark skin. This includes prescription creams with retinoids, which help in skin exfoliation and dark patches reduction. In some cases, dermatologists may recommend laser therapy or chemical peels for cosmetic improvement. For those with insulin resistance, medications may be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels, which can lead to improvements in skin appearance. While acanthosis nigricans isn’t dangerous, addressing the underlying issue is important for better overall health and can really improve quality of life for affected individuals. How Can I Manage Acanthosis Nigricans? Managing acanthosis nigricans involves addressing elevated insulin levels if they are causative factors. This usually means adopting healthy lifestyle like maintaining a healthy weight and following a balanced diet. Can Acanthosis Nigricans Be Prevented? In cases where obesity is causing acanthosis nigricans, prevention is possible through weight management. Following a diet that regulates blood sugar levels can also aid in preventing this condition. What Is the Outlook for People with Acanthosis Nigricans? While the presence of acanthosis nigricans itself isn’t dangerous, it indicates a need for lifestyle changes or medical intervention to manage underlying conditions like diabetes or obesity. With proper care and management, individuals can still continue to live a normal, healthy lives despite having acanthosis nigricans. When Should I See a Dermatologist About Acanthosis Nigricans? You should consult a dermatologist as soon as you notice any changes in your skin texture or color. Remember, early detection is key to managing acanthosis nigricans effectively! Conclusion Taking charge of your health starts with understanding your body and recognising when something feels off. If you notice any signs of acanthosis nigricans, don't panic. Instead, consult your doctor, and take it as a cue to reassess your lifestyle choices and health habits. At Metropolis Healthcare, we are committed to empowering you with the knowledge and diagnostic services necessary for a confident healthcare journey. With our network of advanced diagnostic labs and convenient at-home sample collection provides a seamless experience for our patients. Choose Metropolis for reliable, accurate pathology testing and comprehensive health check-up services. Your health deserves the best!

Introduction Hair is often viewed as a symbol of self-expression, style, and confidence. Imagine the distress you would feel if you woke up one day to find small patches of hair missing from your scalp! This is the reality for people living with alopecia areata, a condition causing hair loss in patches. Alopecia areata can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender. It's a common autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its hair follicles, resulting in hair loss mainly on the scalp but sometimes elsewhere on the body as well. This article aims to provide an overview of this condition – from its causes and symptoms to diagnosis and treatment methods. What Is Alopecia Areata? Often characterised by hair loss in patches, alopecia areata is a type of autoimmune disease. This means that your own immune system starts attacking healthy cells in your body – in this case, the hair follicles. This attack inhibits the growth of new hair strands and leads to unpredictable hair loss in small coin-sized rounds or patches. Who Gets Alopecia Areata? Alopecia areata does not discriminate when it comes to age or gender – it can affect men and women equally. The onset often occurs during teenage years or early twenties but it can start at any age. In fact, when children under 10 are diagnosed with alopecia areata, the progression tends to be more extensive. How Common Is Alopecia Areata? According to reliable studies, alopecia areata affects approximately 7 million people in the United States alone. This makes it the second-most common form of hair loss, next to male and female pattern baldness. Among those affected, 5% have Alopecia Areata Totalis (loss of all scalp hair) and 1% have Alopecia Areata Universalis (complete hair loss on the scalp and body). What Happens If You Have Alopecia Areata? Alopecia areata mainly affects your physical appearance, causing hair loss in patches. In some cases, it can also impact your nails, leading to dents or pits. While it doesn't typically affect your physical health directly, it can significantly impact how you perceive yourself and interact with others. This can lead to psychological stress, anxiety, and in some cases, depression. What Are the Symptoms of Alopecia Areata? The most identifiable symptom of alopecia areata is hair loss in patches on the scalp or elsewhere on the body. You might also notice changes to your nails such as dents or pits that give them a sandy or gritty texture. However, not everyone experiences these typical symptoms. Rarely, patchy areas might itch or change colour. In certain cases, black dots (cadaver hairs) may be visible in hair follicles. Sometimes short hairs that are thicker at the top and narrow towards your scalp (exclamation point hairs) may grow out. What Causes Alopecia Areata? While we know that alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks hair follicles, medical experts are yet to understand why this happens. It appears that genetics play a role as those who have a family member with the condition are more likely to get it themselves. Certain triggers could also stimulate the onset of the disease. These may include: * Asthma * Down Syndrome * Pernicious anaemia * Seasonal allergies * Thyroid disease * Vitiligo Is Alopecia Areata Contagious? Contrary to some misconceptions, alopecia areata is not contagious. It cannot be spread through skin-to-skin contact, shared belongings or through the air. It's primarily a result of an autoimmune response and genetic predisposition. How Is Alopecia Areata Diagnosed? Diagnosing alopecia areata involves medical consultation and examination. Your doctor will likely: 1. Perform a physical exam: This involves examining the patches of hair loss on your scalp or other parts of your body. 2. Ask about your diet and hair care routine: Unhealthy diet or harsh hair care routines can contribute to hair loss. 3. Conduct a blood test: This can help uncover any medical conditions that are causing hair loss. 4. Pull Test: The doctor gently pulls several dozen hairs to see how many come out. This helps determine the stage of the shedding process. 5. Scalp biopsy: A small sample from your scalp or from a few plucked hairs is examined under a microscope to check if an infection is causing hair loss. What Tests Will Be Done To Diagnose Alopecia Areata? Your healthcare provider may perform several tests to diagnose alopecia areata. These tests could include: A physical examination of bald spots on your scalp or body. Checking your scalp for signs of infections. Collecting a sample of your hair for lab analysis. Conducting a scalp biopsy to look for skin diseases. Performing blood tests to rule out other conditions. Can Alopecia Areata Go Away? Unfortunately, there's no permanent cure for alopecia areata. However, with effective alopecia areata treatment, it can be managed successfully. This means hair can regrow over time but may fall out again later. How Is Alopecia Areata Managed? Managing alopecia areata involves various treatments that aim to spur hair growth back. Some commonly used methods include: Corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory drugs can either be taken orally or applied topically to the affected areas. Topical immunotherapy: This involves applying chemicals to the scalp to produce an allergic reaction which can stimulate hair growth. Minoxidil (Rogaine): This over-the-counter medication can help promote hair growth in some people. It's essential to consult your healthcare provider before starting any alopecia areata medication to ensure it's suitable for you. Can Hair Grow Back From Alopecia? Yes, with effective alopecia areata therapy, hair can grow back. The regrowth timeframe can differ from person to person, ranging from four weeks to several months. How Can I Prevent Alopecia Areata? Preventing alopecia areata is challenging due to its autoimmune nature. However, managing stress levels, maintaining a balanced diet, and using gentle hair products could potentially reduce the risk of triggering the condition. What Can I Expect If I Have Alopecia Areata? If you're diagnosed with alopecia areata, expect occasional flare-ups and periods of remission. Depending on your treatment's effectiveness, you may see new hair growth within a few weeks or months. How Do I Take Care of Myself? Living with alopecia areata demands adopting certain self-care measures like using makeup to conceal hair loss, wearing protective coverings, and eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals that promote hair growth. Things To Avoid When You Have Alopecia Areata When living with alopecia areata, avoid factors that could potentially worsen your condition like excessive stress, hair products containing harsh chemicals, or fad diets that may lead to nutrient deficiencies. When To See A Doctor? Seek immediate medical help if you notice sudden hair loss in patches or if your symptoms don't improve despite undergoing alopecia areata treatment. Conclusion While living with alopecia areata can be challenging, understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can empower you to manage the condition effectively. Remember, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly enhance the chances of successful hair regrowth. Therefore, if you or a loved one is dealing with this condition, consider reaching out to Metropolis Healthcare for diagnostic services. With a qualified team of professionals providing accurate pathology testing at your doorstep, managing your health just got simpler.

Introduction Elephantiasis, also known as Lymphatic Filariasis, is a condition that many people are not familiar with, yet it significantly impacts numerous lives across the globe. This parasitic infection is recognised by severe swelling of body parts, particularly the lower extremities. Just imagine waking up one day to see your own leg swollen to several times its original size. It could be frightening! This blog aims to shed light on this condition - its symptoms, causes, and treatment options - to help you understand elephantiasis better and learn how to manage it effectively. What Is Elephantiasis? Elephantiasis or lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It's named 'elephantiasis' due to the often enlarged limbs that resemble an elephant's leg caused by extreme fluid retention. The parasites responsible are thread-like worms that inhabit the human lymph system. The adult worms clog the lymphatic system causing fluid to build up resulting in swelling of body parts known as lymphedema. How Common Is Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)? Elephantiasis affects about 120 million people worldwide — 1.5% of the global population. It's predominant in tropical climates where sanitary conditions are poor. Countries in Asia, Africa and South America report higher cases. However, it's rare for short-term visitors to these countries to contract the disease; prolonged exposure to the elephantiasis mosquito over months or years is typically required for infection. What Are The Symptoms of Elephantiasis? Elephantiasis can initially be asymptomatic, making early detection challenging. However, as it progresses, elephantiasis symptoms start appearing including: Filarial fever: Episodes of fever, accompanied by pain, inflammation, and swelling in the affected region. Lymphedema: Swelling in limbs, genitalia, or breasts due to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid. Pain and discomfort: Discomfort and pain in the affected areas. Inflammatory responses: Redness, warmth or tenderness in the inflamed body parts. It's important to seek medical attention upon noticing any of these symptoms for diagnosis and appropriate management. What Causes Elephantiasis? The primary cause of lymphatic filariasis is parasitic worms transmitted through mosquito bites. However, several risk factors contribute to the spread of this disease including: Location: Living in or travelling to areas where the parasite is prevalent. Poor sanitation: Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean water supply. Mosquito exposure: Increased exposure to mosquitoes during peak activity hours. Weakened immune system: Individuals with compromised immune systems or pre-existing infections may be more susceptible. How Does Lymphatic Filariasis Spread? Lymphatic filariasis spreads when an infected mosquito bites a non-infected individual transferring the filarial parasites into their bloodstream. These worms travel to the lymphatic system where they grow into adult worms over several months or even years. Over time, damage to your lymphatic system may weaken your immunity leading to frequent infections. What Are The Complications of Elephantiasis? If unchecked, elephantiasis can lead to several complications such as: Frequent bacterial infections Thickened skin and fluid retention leading to painful, swollen and enlarged body parts Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome — an increase in white blood cells causing coughing and breathing difficulties How Is Elephantiasis Diagnosed? Diagnosis of elephantiasis involves examining a blood sample for the presence of filarial worms. This may involve: Microscopic blood test: The blood sample is viewed under a microscope to detect filarial worms. Antibody test: The blood sample is tested for antibodies produced in response to infection. Upon diagnosis, healthcare providers will recommend suitable elephantiasis treatments. While there's no specific elephantiasis vaccine, preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites, improving sanitation, and preventative drug therapy. How Is Elephantiasis Treated? The approach towards treating elephantiasis varies significantly depending on the severity of the symptoms. Here are some common methods employed by healthcare providers: 1. Antiparasitic Drugs: Medications like Ivermectin (Stromectol®), Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan®) or Albendazole (Albenza®) are used extensively in elephantiasis treatment. These drugs serve to either eliminate adult worms in your blood or restrict their reproduction. Regularly taking these medications once a year can prevent passing the infection onto others. 2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove dead worms from your bloodstream or relieve fluid buildup in the scrotum caused by filariasis. 3. Elephantiasis Management Techniques: Healthcare providers recommend strategies to control swelling such as elevation or compression garments. Side Effects of Elephantiasis Treatment Remember, if you are on filariasis medications, you require careful monitoring from a healthcare provider. Antiparasitic drugs can lead to severe side effects, including dizziness, fever, headache, muscle or joint pain, and nausea. Is There A Cure For Lymphatic Filariasis? While elephantiasis lymphatic filariasis doesn’t have a known cure or elephantiasis vaccine, medication can kill many of the worms and prevent you from spreading the infection to others. Treatment can also considerably reduce your symptoms. Can Elephantiasis Be Prevented? The best form of prevention is avoiding mosquito bites. Wondering why mosquitoes? Well, elephantiasis is commonly spread by the elephantiasis mosquito, particularly in regions where the disease is prevalent. Here are some strategies to safeguard yourself: Sleep under a mosquito net. Wear long-sleeves and long pants to cover your skin. Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin. If you have already developed elephantiasis symptoms, here are some ways you can prevent the swelling from worsening: Keep the area clean by washing it with soap and water every day. Elevate the swollen leg or arm to drain the fluid. Perform exercises that get the fluid moving. Use antibacterial or antifungal cream on wounds if necessary. Wear shoes that fit your foot size to protect from injury. What Can I Expect If I Have Elephantiasis? Living with elephantiasis often brings along negative social impacts due to visible symptoms like extreme swelling. Chronic swelling or pain may also affect an individual’s ability to work. While there is no cure for elephantiasis, managing the condition and reducing its symptoms is possible with proper healthcare intervention. When To See A Doctor? If you notice unexplained swelling or thickening of your skin—particularly in your arms, legs, breasts, scrotum or vulva, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider. They can run tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. Conclusion Whilst elephantiasis is a debilitating disease, understanding its symptoms, causes, and available treatment options can empower individuals to manage this condition effectively. Regular check-ups are crucial for early detection and successful management of this disease. Consider reaching out to Metropolis Healthcare for accurate pathology testing. With a team of qualified technicians providing at-home sample collection services, Metropolis is committed to delivering reliable results empowering patients in prioritising their health. Book your at-home test today and take a step towards better health with Metropolis Healthcare.