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What is Vulvodynia? Vulvodynia is a chronic pain condition affecting the vulva — the external part of the female genital area — without an identifiable cause such as infection or skin disorder. The pain may feel burning, stinging, raw, or sore and can persist for months or even years. While it is not life-threatening, vulvodynia can affect physical comfort, emotional well-being, and sexual health. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), vulvodynia affects approximately 3%–7% of reproductive-aged women, yet only about 1.4% receive an accurate diagnosis. Doctors define vulvodynia as vulvar pain lasting for three months or longer without a clear medical explanation. Diagnosis usually requires ruling out infections, dermatological conditions, and other gynaecological disorders. Causes of Vulvodynia The exact cause of vulvodynia remains unclear; however, research suggests a combination of biological and neurological factors. Possible causes and risk factors include: Nerve injury or irritation: Hypersensitivity of vulvar nerves can lead to chronic pain even in the absence of tissue damage. Inflammation: Past infections or allergic reactions may trigger persistent inflammation. Hormonal changes: The use of hormonal contraceptives or a decline in estrogen levels during menopause can make vulvar tissues more fragile. Muscle dysfunction: Tight or overactive pelvic floor muscles can intensify pain. Genetic and immune factors: Some women may have genes or immune responses that increase their sensitivity to pain. Psychological stress: Anxiety or depression can worsen chronic pain perception. Understanding these underlying causes helps clinicians plan targeted therapies and counselling approaches. Symptoms of Vulvodynia Women with vulvodynia experience a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Burning or stinging sensation: Most common complaint, often described as feeling like a sunburn. Rawness or irritation: The vulva feels sore even without visible redness or swelling. Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia): Discomfort can occur during or after sexual activity. Pain from prolonged sitting or tight clothing: Pressure or friction on the vulvar area can worsen discomfort. Throbbing or itching: Less frequent but may accompany burning sensations. These symptoms may be localised (confined to one area such as the vaginal opening) or generalised (spread across the vulva). Types of Vulvodynia 1. Generalised Vulvodynia: Pain affects the entire vulvar region and may occur spontaneously without any apparent trigger. It often feels like burning or soreness that worsens with sitting or activity. 2. Localised Vulvodynia (Vestibulodynia): Pain is limited to the vaginal opening and triggered by touch, such as during intercourse or tampon use. 3. Mixed Vulvodynia: Combines features of both generalised and localised pain, making symptoms more variable and treatment more complex. 4. Cyclic Vulvodynia: Pain intensity fluctuates with hormonal changes, often worsening before or after menstruation. Understanding the type is important for selecting suitable treatment — for instance, pelvic floor therapy often benefits localised cases. Examination and Imaging Techniques for Vulvodynia Because there is no single test for vulvodynia, diagnosis involves excluding other conditions and assessing pain sensitivity. A gynaecologist may recommend: Cotton Swab Test: A simple in-clinic test where the gynaecologist gently presses a cotton swab on different parts of the vulva to locate pain-sensitive areas and confirm localised vulvodynia. PAP Smear Test: A crucial screening test to detect cervical cell changes or infections that can mimic vulvodynia symptoms. Both Liquid-Based Cytology (LBC) and conventional PAP smear methods are available, with results typically ready in two days. HPV DNA Detection and Typing (Vaginal Swab): This test may use molecular techniques such as Sanger Sequencing or PCR to detect the presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which may cause chronic vulvar irritation or discomfort. Cervical Screening Profiles: These integrate RT-PCR technology with PAP cytology to detect HPV DNA and identify early cellular changes linked to persistent vulvar pain or inflammation. Vulvar Biopsy: When symptoms persist or lesions are visible, a small tissue sample is taken for histopathological examination, helping to rule out dermatological or precancerous conditions. Treatment Options for Vulvodynia Since there is no single cure, treatment focuses on pain management, restoring comfort, and improving quality of life through a multidisciplinary approach. Medications for Vulvodynia Topical anaesthetics: Lidocaine ointments can provide temporary relief before intercourse or examinations. Oral medications: Tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants help calm overactive nerve signals. Hormonal creams: Estrogen-based creams can help restore vulvar tissue health in postmenopausal women. Nerve blocks or injections: In severe cases, local nerve block injections may relieve chronic pain. Physical Therapy for Vulvodynia Pelvic floor relaxation exercises: Taught by a physiotherapist to reduce muscle tension. Biofeedback therapy: Uses sensors to teach better control of pelvic muscles. Manual therapy: Gentle massage and stretching improve blood flow and reduce pain sensitivity. These therapies aim to correct muscle dysfunction — a major contributor to vulvar discomfort. Surgical Treatments for Vulvodynia Vestibulectomy: A minor procedure to remove painful tissue around the vaginal entrance, considered only when conservative methods fail. Nerve-targeted surgery: Rarely performed but may help when specific nerves are compressed. Surgery is recommended for selected patients after thorough evaluation. Lifestyle Changes to Manage Vulvodynia Use breathable cotton underwear and opt for natural fabrics instead of synthetic ones. Avoid scented soaps, detergents, and bubble baths that may irritate vulvar skin. Apply cold compresses to reduce inflammation after prolonged sitting or intercourse. Follow a balanced diet and maintain proper hydration to support your healing process. Manage stress through yoga, mindfulness practices, meditation, or counselling. These small changes can significantly improve comfort and help prevent symptom flare-ups. Living with Vulvodynia: Coping Strategies Chronic pain conditions like vulvodynia can affect mental health and intimate relationships. Supportive care plays a key role: Seek Support: Counselling or support groups help manage stress and anxiety linked to chronic pain. Reduce Irritation: Wear loose cotton underwear, avoid scented soaps, and maintain gentle hygiene. Ease Discomfort: Use cold compresses or sitz baths for quick relief after sitting or engaging in physical activity. Mind-Body Relaxation: Try yoga, meditation, or deep breathing to reduce tension and pain. Stay Connected: Open communication with partners and regular follow-ups with doctors improve comfort and confidence. With early diagnosis and a holistic care plan, many women can regain comfort and lead active, fulfilling lives. Conclusion Vulvodynia is a complex but manageable condition when addressed with the right medical care, emotional support, and lifestyle changes. Early consultation with a gynaecologist and timely diagnostic tests such as the PAP smear, cotton swab test, or biopsy can help rule out other causes and guide personalised care. Metropolis Healthcare offers a wide range of specialised women’s health diagnostics, from PAP Smear and hormonal testing to advanced biopsy services, all supported by expert pathologists and accurate reporting. With over 4000+ tests, 10,000+ home collection touchpoints, and quick turnaround times, Metropolis empowers every woman to take control of her health with confidence. FAQs What are the early signs of Vulvodynia? Early signs include persistent burning, stinging, or soreness in the vulvar area that lasts more than a few weeks without infection or visible irritation. The pain may worsen during intercourse or sitting. Can Vulvodynia go away on its own? In some mild cases, symptoms may subside spontaneously, especially if triggered by infections or hormonal changes. However, most women require treatment to manage chronic pain effectively. How is Vulvodynia diagnosed? Diagnosis involves ruling out infections, skin disorders, or neurological causes using tests such as the PAP smear test, the cotton swab Test, and occasionally a biopsy. A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential. What is the best treatment for Vulvodynia? There’s no single “best” treatment — success depends on individual symptoms. Most patients benefit from a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle adjustments, along with emotional support and regular gynaecological follow-ups.

What Is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)—sometimes called crib death—occurs when an infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly, and the cause remains unexplained even after a complete autopsy, review of the medical history, and investigation of the death scene. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) remains the leading cause of death among infants aged 1 to 12 months, with an estimated 35.4 deaths per 100,000 live births in the United States (CDC, 2017). Most cases occur in infants between 1 and 4 months old, with the highest risk during sleep. Globally, SIDS accounts for a major portion of post-neonatal deaths, but awareness and preventive practices have significantly reduced cases in recent years. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Causes While the exact cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is still unknown, researchers believe it results from a combination of biological, environmental, and sleep-related factors. Brainstem Abnormalities: Studies in neuropathology and histology have shown that some babies have underdeveloped brain regions that control breathing, heart rate, and arousal from sleep. Sleep Position and Environment: Sleeping on your stomach or side can restrict airflow and increase the risk of overheating. Maternal and Prenatal Factors: Smoking during pregnancy, premature birth, and low birth weight can affect respiratory and nervous system development. Genetic Predisposition: Mutations in genes regulating heart rhythm or metabolism may increase vulnerability, making genetic testing and NIPS valuable tools for assessing hereditary risk. What Happens During SIDS? During SIDS, a baby’s autonomic control system—responsible for breathing and waking during low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels—may not function properly. Neuropathological studies reveal differences in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, within the brainstem, which play a crucial role in regulating arousal. In simple terms, when a baby sleeps face down and oxygen levels drop, their body may fail to trigger the reflex to wake up or reposition. This biological vulnerability, combined with environmental risks, can lead to a fatal outcome. Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Certain babies are more vulnerable due to a mix of environmental, developmental, and genetic factors: Sleeping on the stomach or soft bedding Overheating during sleep Premature birth or low birth weight Exposure to cigarette smoke (during or after pregnancy) Bed-sharing with parents or siblings Inadequate prenatal care Family history of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Male babies (slightly higher risk than females) Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Techniques for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Although SIDS is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion, certain post-event investigations help understand underlying causes and guide prevention: 1. Tissue Processing Essential for preparing tissue specimens for microscopic analysis. Helps pathologists detect signs of inflammation, congestion, or structural anomalies in organ tissues. 2. Histopathological Examination Provides expert re-evaluation of tissue slides for confirmation or exclusion of pathological findings. Ensures diagnostic precision in unexplained infant deaths. 3. Histology A rapid intra-operative test that enables real-time microscopic examination of tissue. Helpful in identifying acute infections, haemorrhage, or metabolic-related tissue changes. 4. LHON (Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy) Uses Sanger Sequencing to identify mitochondrial DNA mutations. These mutations may affect cellular energy metabolism and increase neurological vulnerability in infants. 5. Giant Axonal Neuropathy-1 Gene Panel by NGS A Next Generation Sequencing panel detecting mutations linked to nerve fibre degeneration. Offers insights into neurometabolic disorders associated with autonomic dysfunction. 6. NextGen NIPT (Non-Invasive Prenatal Screening) Screens for major chromosomal abnormalities such as Trisomy 21, 18, and 13. Provides early detection of genetic syndromes that may predispose infants to developmental or metabolic complications. 7. NextGen NIPT Advance An advanced prenatal genetic screen using Next Generation Sequencing to detect microdeletions and rare syndromes. Enables proactive parental counselling and risk assessment for inherited conditions potentially linked to SIDS. How to Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? While SIDS cannot be completely prevented, adopting safe sleep and healthy infant-care practices can drastically reduce the risk. Always place your baby on their back to sleep. This is the safest position for both naps and nighttime sleep. Use a firm, flat mattress in a safety-approved crib. Avoid pillows, toys, and loose blankets. Keep your baby’s sleep area in the same room, not the same bed. Room-sharing without bed-sharing is recommended for the first 6 to 12 months. Maintain a comfortable room temperature. Overheating increases the risk of SIDS — dress your baby in light sleepwear. Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drug use during and after pregnancy. Encourage tummy time while awake. It strengthens muscles and reduces positional flattening of the head. Safe Sleep Guidelines for Infants Always place your baby on their back to sleep — for every nap and bedtime. Use a firm, flat, safety-approved mattress with a fitted sheet. Keep the crib or bassinet free of soft toys, pillows, and loose blankets. Maintain a comfortable room temperature to prevent overheating. Share the room, not the bed — keep your baby close but on a separate sleep surface. Offer a pacifier during sleep once breastfeeding is well established. Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and recreational drugs. Encourage supervised tummy time when the baby is awake to build strength. Follow the recommended vaccination schedule to protect your baby against preventable infections. Ensure all caregivers and family members are aware of safe sleep practices. Importance of Breastfeeding in Reducing SIDS Risk Breastfeeding significantly lowers the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) — studies show that exclusively breastfed babies have up to 50% lower risk. Breast milk boosts immunity, protects against infections, and helps babies wake more easily during sleep, reducing breathing irregularities. It also promotes bonding and regulates an infant’s temperature, heart rate, and stress response, making breastfeeding a vital part of safe infant care. Role of Vaccinations in Preventing SIDS Routine childhood vaccinations play an important protective role against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Studies show that immunised infants have a 50% lower risk of SIDS, as vaccines prevent respiratory and infectious illnesses that can trigger sudden deaths in vulnerable babies. Following the national immunisation schedule helps strengthen the immune system, support safe sleep, and promote overall infant health and survival. SIDS and Family History: Is There a Genetic Connection? Some families experience recurrent cases of SIDS, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Genetic testing and NIPS can identify mutations in cardiac rhythm genes (such as SCN5A) or metabolic genes that may increase risk. Parents with a history of unexplained infant deaths should consult a genetic counsellor for evaluation before planning another pregnancy. Postmortem Investigations in SIDS Cases A detailed autopsy, supported by histology and neuropathology, helps confirm a SIDS diagnosis. Tissue samples from the brain, heart, lungs, and other organs are analysed for anomalies or infections. This scientific process not only helps provide closure for families but also contributes to ongoing research into SIDS mechanisms. Understanding the Emotional Impact of SIDS on Families The sudden loss of a child can be emotionally devastating. Families often experience guilt, confusion, and grief. Support groups, mental-health counselling, and genetic consultation play crucial roles in coping and preventing similar incidents in future pregnancies. Healthcare professionals emphasise that SIDS is not anyone’s fault, and focusing on preventive practices can help families heal while spreading awareness. Conclusion While Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) cannot be completely predicted, awareness, safe sleep practices, regular immunisations, and genetic screening like NIPS can greatly reduce the risk. Early testing and preventive care empower parents to make informed choices and protect their newborns’ health. At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer over 4000 tests, including speciality diagnostics and full body check-ups, supported by home sample collection from 10,000+ touchpoints, quick turnaround times, and accurate results. Book easily through our website, app, call, or WhatsApp and experience trusted care designed around convenience, precision, and compassion. FAQs Can SIDS be prevented? No, but practising safe sleep, avoiding overheating, and regular health check-ups significantly reduce risk. At what age does Sudden Infant Death Syndrome typically occur? Most cases occur between 1 and 4 months of age, with rare instances after 6 months. Is there a connection between SIDS and sleep apnea? SIDS and sleep apnea are different. Some babies with sleep apnea may have an increased risk, but SIDS usually occurs without prior symptoms. How do I know if my baby is at risk for SIDS? Factors include premature birth, low birth weight, and family history. Discuss with your paediatrician for guidance. Are there any signs that indicate SIDS might occur? No warning signs typically appear—SIDS happens suddenly in apparently healthy babies. Preventive care and safe sleep are key.

What Are Stomach Polyps? Stomach polyps (also called gastric polyps) are small growths that develop on the inner lining of the stomach. Most are harmless and discovered incidentally during an endoscopy done for unrelated digestive issues. These growths develop due to excessive cell proliferation on the stomach lining, often in response to irritation, inflammation, or genetic changes. Gastric polyps occur in about 2% of the population. They are found in 6% of endoscopies, with fundic gland polyps (37–77%) being the most common type, according to a study published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). While most stomach polyps are benign, a few types may carry a potential risk of turning into stomach cancer if left untreated. Hence, regular check-ups and timely removal of suspicious polyps play an important role in maintaining gastrointestinal health. Types of Stomach Polyps The stomach may develop different kinds of polyps depending on the underlying cause. Common types include: 1. Fundic Gland Polyps These are small, dome-shaped growths that form in the upper part of the stomach (fundus). They are often linked to long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and are usually harmless unless linked to a hereditary condition such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). 2. Hyperplastic Polyps Hyperplastic polyps develop due to chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or gastritis. Although most are benign, larger ones carry a slight risk of turning cancerous and may require removal. 3. Adenomatous (Adenoma) Polyps These are rare but precancerous polyps that arise from the glandular tissue of the stomach. Because they can progress to stomach cancer, they are typically removed during endoscopy and examined through biopsy. 4. Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps These polyps form from the connective tissue in the stomach wall, often due to abnormal healing or inflammation. They are benign but can cause discomfort or bleeding if they grow large. 5. Hamartomatous Polyps Hamartomatous polyps occur in individuals with inherited syndromes such as Peutz-Jeghers or Juvenile Polyposis. They often appear in multiple areas of the gastrointestinal tract and require regular genetic testing and screening. What Causes Stomach Polyps? The causes of stomach polyps vary from chronic irritation to hereditary syndromes. Common triggers include: Chronic inflammation (gastritis): Persistent inflammation of the stomach lining, caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or autoimmune gastritis, leads to the overgrowth of cells, resulting in the formation of polyps. Long-term PPI use: Continuous intake of acid-suppressing medications can alter gastric secretions and increase the risk of fundic gland polyps. Genetic predisposition: Conditions such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) cause numerous polyps throughout the digestive tract, including the stomach. Genetic testing is recommended for early detection and diagnosis. Stomach lining injury and repair: Repeated injury from acid reflux or chronic inflammation can lead to abnormal regeneration of mucosal cells. Lifestyle factors: High-salt diets, smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor gut hygiene may worsen inflammation and promote polyp formation. Symptoms of Stomach Polyps In most people, stomach polyps cause no symptoms and are detected accidentally during a routine endoscopy or colonoscopy. However, when they grow larger, they may produce the following signs: 1. Upper Abdominal Pain or Discomfort A dull ache or fullness in the upper abdomen, especially after meals, may occur when a polyp irritates the stomach lining. 2. Bloating or Indigestion Persistent bloating, gas, or discomfort can result from obstruction of the food passage or inflammation of the stomach wall. 3. Nausea and Vomiting When polyps interfere with digestion, they can trigger nausea or occasional vomiting after eating. 4. Loss of Appetite or Early Satiety Feeling full quickly or having a reduced appetite may develop when polyps disrupt normal gastric emptying. 5. Blood in Stool or Black, Tarry Stools Bleeding from irritated or ulcerated polyps can cause dark or tarry stools — a warning sign that requires immediate medical attention. 6. Fatigue or Unexplained Weight Loss Chronic blood loss from polyps may lead to anaemia, resulting in weakness, fatigue, and gradual weight loss. Examination and Diagnostic Tests for Stomach Polyps Doctors use several tests to identify the type, size, and risk of stomach polyps: 1. Endoscopy An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy helps doctors view the stomach lining directly and detect the presence, size, and number of polyps. During the procedure, a small tissue sample may be taken for biopsy. 2. Biopsy and Histopathology A biopsy involves removing a tiny portion of the polyp for microscopic examination. It helps confirm whether the growth is benign, precancerous, or cancerous. 3. Genetic Testing (APC Gene Panel by NGS) This test detects mutations in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) gene, which is linked to hereditary polyp syndromes such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). It guides early detection and preventive screening for family members. 4. GI Endoscopic Biopsy with Reflex IHC Performed on tissue collected during endoscopy, this test utilises immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the exact cell type and detect any abnormal or cancerous changes. It provides more detailed diagnostic insight for accurate treatment. 5. Colonoscopy A colonoscopy may be recommended if hereditary polyposis is suspected to check for additional polyps in the colon or rectum. It helps assess the extent of gastrointestinal involvement. Treatment for Stomach Polyps Treatment depends on the type, size, and number of polyps, as well as the presence of symptoms or an increased risk of cancer. Monitoring small benign polyps: Small, non-cancerous polyps may simply be monitored with periodic endoscopy. Endoscopic polypectomy: The most common treatment. The polyp is removed during endoscopy using a snare or cautery device. Treating underlying causes: Addressing H. pylori infection, discontinuing unnecessary PPIs, or treating gastritis helps prevent recurrence. Follow-up: Regular endoscopic screening helps detect new polyps early. Is Surgery Needed for Stomach Polyps? Surgery is rarely required. It is considered only if: The polyp is too large or deep for endoscopic removal. A biopsy indicates a high likelihood of malignancy. There are multiple polyps linked to a genetic syndrome. Surgical resection involves removing part of the stomach wall containing the polyp, which is usually performed laparoscopically for a faster recovery. Lifestyle Changes to Manage Stomach Polyps Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help reduce stomach inflammation and lower the risk of recurrence: Eat a balanced, fibre-rich diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit smoked, processed, and high-salt foods. Avoid smoking and alcohol. Manage acid reflux through smaller meals and by avoiding late-night eating. Discuss long-term use of acid-reducing drugs with your doctor. Can Stomach Polyps Lead to Cancer? While most stomach polyps are benign, adenomatous polyps and those linked to chronic gastritis or genetic syndromes may develop into stomach cancer over time. Regular follow-up endoscopies and biopsy evaluation are crucial for early detection of malignant transformation. If you have a family history of gastrointestinal cancers, consult your doctor about genetic testing and preventive screening. Stomach Polyps and Diet Diet plays a vital role in managing stomach health: 1. Eat Antioxidant-Rich Foods Include fruits and vegetables like berries, spinach, carrots, and tomatoes that help repair gastric tissues and fight oxidative stress. 2. Choose Lean Proteins Opt for fish, eggs, tofu, and lentils instead of red or processed meats to support healthy digestion and reduce inflammation. 3. Avoid Spicy, Smoked, and Processed Foods These can irritate the stomach lining and worsen gastritis, increasing the risk of hyperplastic polyps. 4. Limit Caffeine and Alcohol Excessive coffee, tea, or alcohol stimulates acid production, which may aggravate stomach irritation and discomfort. 5. Eat Small, Frequent Meals Having smaller meals throughout the day helps regulate digestion and prevent pressure on the stomach wall. 6. Stay Hydrated Drinking 2–3 litres of water daily aids digestion, maintains mucosal health, and reduces acidity levels. 7. Include Probiotic Foods Yogurt, kefir, and other fermented foods help promote healthy gut bacteria, supporting recovery from H. pylori infection and gastritis. How to Prevent Stomach Polyps? You can lower your risk through simple preventive steps: 1. Treat H. pylori Infection Early Eradicating Helicobacter pylori bacteria with antibiotics prevents chronic gastritis, a major cause of hyperplastic polyps. 2. Limit Long-Term PPI Use Use proton pump inhibitors only under medical supervision, as prolonged use can trigger fundic gland polyps. 3. Eat a Balanced, Anti-Inflammatory Diet Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding processed and smoked foods that irritate the stomach. 4. Avoid Smoking and Alcohol Both can damage the stomach lining, increase acid production, and raise the risk of developing polyps. 5. Go for Regular Endoscopy Screenings If you have gastritis or a family history of gastrointestinal cancers, periodic endoscopy helps detect polyps early. 6. Consider Genetic Testing for High-Risk Families Testing for mutations in genes like the APC gene identifies hereditary conditions, such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). 7. Manage Stress and Maintain a Healthy Weight Chronic stress and obesity can worsen acid reflux and gastritis, indirectly promoting polyp formation. When to See a Doctor? You should seek immediate medical care if you experience: Persistent stomach discomfort or pain Vomiting blood or black stools Unexplained fatigue or weight loss Difficulty swallowing or recurrent indigestion Early diagnosis ensures prompt treatment and prevents complications. At Metropolis Healthcare, we make preventive care easier and more accessible. From endoscopy and colonoscopy to genetic testing, our advanced diagnostics help detect gastric conditions early. With 4000+ tests, NABL & CAP-accredited labs, 10,000+ touchpoints, and home sample collection, you get accurate results, faster turnaround, and complete convenience — all under trusted medical supervision. If you’re experiencing persistent stomach discomfort, book a full body check-up or digestive health panel today through our website, app, or WhatsApp booking. FAQ What are the early signs of stomach polyps? Most polyps cause no symptoms. Occasionally, mild stomach pain, bloating, nausea, or blood in stool may indicate their presence and require endoscopic evaluation. How are stomach polyps treated? Small polyps may be left alone, but they should be monitored. Larger or precancerous ones are removed through endoscopic polypectomy, and any infection or inflammation is treated simultaneously. Are stomach polyps dangerous? Usually not. However, adenomatous or large hyperplastic polyps can develop into cancer if left untreated. Regular medical monitoring is essential. Can stress cause stomach polyps? Stress does not directly cause polyps, but it can aggravate gastritis, which in turn increases the risk of developing them. Managing stress supports overall gut health. What is the recovery time after surgery for stomach polyps? Recovery after endoscopic removal typically takes 3 to 5 days. For surgical procedures, complete recovery typically takes 1–2 weeks, depending on the patient’s condition and the type of procedure.

What is a Pinched Nerve? A pinched nerve (also known as a compressed nerve) refers to irritation or compression of a peripheral nerve or nerve root. This condition interferes with the nerve’s ability to transmit signals efficiently between the brain and body. Depending on the location and severity, the condition may cause mild discomfort or significant functional impairment. Medically, a pinched nerve refers to neuropathy caused by mechanical compression — typically resulting from structural abnormalities such as herniated discs, bone spurs, or tissue swelling. Causes of a Pinched Nerve A pinched nerve can develop from several anatomical or lifestyle-related factors. The most common causes include: Herniated or bulging disc: A disc displacement in the spine may compress the spinal nerves. Bone spurs (osteophytes): Bony growths due to arthritis can narrow nerve passageways. Spinal stenosis: A condition where the spinal canal narrows, exerting pressure on nerve roots. Repetitive movements: Occupational or athletic activities causing repetitive strain (e.g., typing, lifting). Obesity: Excess body weight increases mechanical pressure on nerve pathways. Injury or trauma: Accidents or falls may cause local swelling, which can compress nearby nerves. Prolonged poor posture: Sitting or sleeping in an awkward position for extended periods can lead to nerve compression. Spinal tumors: Rarely, abnormal growths within or near the spine can compress nearby nerves. Pinched Nerve Symptoms to be Aware Of Symptoms depend on the location and severity of compression, but typically include: Sharp or Radiating Pain: A sudden, shooting pain that may travel along the path of the affected nerve — often from the neck to the arm or from the lower back to the leg. It worsens with movement or strain. Tingling or ‘Pins and Needles’ Sensation: A prickling or burning feeling indicating altered nerve conduction. It is commonly felt in fingertips, toes, or other extremities. Numbness: Partial or complete loss of sensation in the region supplied by the compressed nerve, making it difficult to perceive touch or temperature changes. Muscle Weakness: The affected muscles may lose strength or coordination, resulting in difficulty lifting objects, gripping, or walking steadily. Burning or Shooting Pain: A deep, searing pain that radiates outward, typically aggravated by coughing, sneezing, or prolonged sitting. Reduced Reflexes: Reflex responses, such as the knee-jerk or biceps reflex, may diminish, indicating sustained nerve root compression. Localised Swelling or Stiffness: Mild swelling and restricted range of motion may occur around the compressed area due to inflammation or muscle guarding. Persistent symptoms lasting more than a few days warrant medical evaluation. Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Techniques for Pinched Nerve A clinical evaluation is the first step, followed by imaging to identify the exact site and cause of compression. Standard diagnostic tools include: Physical Examination: The doctor evaluates reflexes, strength, and sensory response to locate the affected nerve and assess severity. CT Scan: A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of bones and joints, helping detect bone spurs, fractures, or spinal stenosis. MRI Scan: An MRI scan provides high-resolution images of soft tissues, discs, and nerves, allowing for the precise identification of the compression site and assessment of inflammation. Ultrasound: Useful for visualising superficial nerve entrapments in areas like the wrist, elbow, or shoulder, and for guiding targeted treatments. Blood and Spinal Fluid Tests: CSF-based investigations such as the Bacterial Meningitis Profile and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) gene deletion tests help rule out genetic or infectious causes of nerve dysfunction. These tests help rule out conditions such as spinal stenosis, disc herniation, or spinal tumours. Treatment Options for Pinched Nerves Treatment depends on the severity of nerve compression and the underlying cause. Most cases respond well to non-surgical methods. Physical Therapy for Pinched Nerve Physical therapy helps relieve nerve pressure, improve posture, and restore mobility. A physiotherapist recommends targeted stretching, strengthening, and traction exercises to ease compression and enhance flexibility. Consistent sessions combined with ergonomic training reduce pain, prevent recurrence, and support faster recovery. Medications for Pinched Nerve Medications help manage pain, inflammation, and nerve irritation caused by compression. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen): Reduce inflammation and relieve mild to moderate pain. Corticosteroids: Used short-term to decrease swelling around the nerve. Muscle Relaxants: Ease muscle spasms that worsen compression. Neuropathic Pain Relievers (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin): Target nerve pain and burning sensations. Topical Analgesics: Creams or gels offering local pain relief at the affected site. Surgery for Pinched Nerve Surgery is considered when pain, numbness, or weakness persists despite conservative treatment. The goal is to remove the source of pressure and restore normal nerve function. Procedures such as microdiscectomy, laminectomy, or foraminotomy relieve compression by removing herniated disc material or bone spurs. Performed under expert supervision, surgical decompression often provides lasting pain relief and helps prevent permanent nerve damage. Home Remedies for Pinched Nerve Mild cases of a pinched nerve can often be alleviated with simple home-based measures that reduce pressure and promote healing. Rest the affected area: Avoid repetitive activities or positions that worsen pain. Cold and heat therapy: Apply ice packs to reduce inflammation, followed by warm compresses to relax muscles. Gentle stretching: Light exercises or yoga improve flexibility and relieve nerve tension. Maintain good posture: Sitting and standing correctly reduces strain on the spine and nerves. Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight helps minimise stress on spinal structures. Ergonomic support: Use supportive chairs, cushions, or wrist braces during long work hours. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a doctor for further evaluation and treatment. When to See a Doctor for a Pinched Nerve You should see a doctor if pain, tingling, or numbness lasts longer than a few days or interferes with daily activities. Persistent symptoms, muscle weakness, or loss of sensation may indicate significant nerve compression. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden, severe pain, difficulty walking, or loss of bladder or bowel control, as these could signal serious spinal nerve involvement requiring urgent treatment. Can a Pinched Nerve Cause Permanent Damage? Yes. If left untreated, prolonged compression can lead to permanent nerve damage, resulting in chronic pain, muscle weakness, or sensory loss. According to research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), even mild pressure — approximately 4.0 to 6.7 kPa — can impair blood flow to nerves and damage the myelin sheath, leading to pain, weakness, and long-term dysfunction. Early diagnosis through imaging, such as an MRI or a CT scan, helps identify the cause and prevent irreversible changes. Prompt treatment and lifestyle adjustments usually ensure complete recovery without long-term complications. Pinched Nerve Treatment in Different Regions Treatment for a pinched nerve varies depending on the location of the compression and the structures affected. Neck (Cervical Spine): Often caused by disc herniation or poor posture. Treatment includes physiotherapy, traction, posture correction, and, in severe cases, cervical decompression surgery. Lower Back (Lumbar Spine/Sciatica): Commonly linked to spinal stenosis or herniated discs. Managed with pain medication, targeted stretching, and, if needed, surgical decompression. Wrist (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome): Compression of the median nerve from repetitive motion. Wrist splints, ergonomic adjustments, and corticosteroid injections are effective. Elbow (Ulnar Nerve Entrapment): Causes tingling and weakness in the forearm and hand. Treated with activity modification, bracing, and nerve-release surgery if severe. Each case requires tailored management based on location, severity, and underlying cause to ensure full functional recovery. Conclusion A pinched nerve can significantly affect mobility and quality of life, but early detection and appropriate treatment prevent complications. If you experience persistent pain, tingling, or muscle weakness, consult a healthcare specialist. Metropolis Healthcare offers advanced diagnostic imaging, including CT Scans, MRIs, and Ultrasounds, across 10,000+ home collection touchpoints with accurate and fast reporting. Choose from 4,000+ tests and full-body health checkups, and book easily via our website, by phone, app, or WhatsApp for expert guidance and reliable results. FAQ How Do You Relieve a Pinched Nerve? Mild cases improve with rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and physical therapy. Applying alternating cold and heat compresses can ease swelling and pain. Persistent symptoms should be evaluated with imaging, such as an MRI or a CT scan, for further management. How Long Does it Take to Heal from a Pinched Nerve? Recovery may take from a few days to several weeks, depending on severity and cause. Most patients recover fully within 4 to 6 weeks with conservative treatment. Chronic cases due to spinal stenosis or tumours may need advanced interventions. Is Surgery Always Necessary for a Pinched Nerve? No. Surgery is only considered when pain, weakness, or sensory loss persists despite non-surgical therapy or when imaging reveals severe compression. Most patients recover with medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

What is Male Breast Cancer? Male breast cancer is a rare malignancy that develops in the limited breast tissue present in men, usually beginning in the milk ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma). Globally, it accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases, while in India, studies report an incidence of 0.4% to 1.03% of total breast cancer cases (National Institutes of Health). In that 10-year study, 18 out of 1,752 patients (1.03%) were men, with a median age of 60 years. About 94% of the cases were estrogen- and progesterone-receptor (ER/PR) positive, and 11 out of 18 patients (61%) presented with stage IV disease. Due to low awareness and the absence of routine screening, many men in India are diagnosed at later stages of the disease. Early detection through Mammogram, MRI, and biopsy can significantly improve the male breast cancer survival rate. Causes of Male Breast Cancer Male breast cancer develops due to a mix of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that alter hormone balance or damage breast cell DNA. Hormonal Imbalance: Elevated estrogen or reduced testosterone levels can stimulate abnormal breast cell growth. Genetic Mutations: BRCA2 mutations raise the lifetime risk to 6–7%. Age: Most cases occur between the ages of 60 and 70. Radiation Exposure: Previous chest radiation increases the risk of DNA damage. Klinefelter’s Syndrome: Raises risk 20–50 times due to excess estrogen. Liver Disease or Obesity: Both increase estrogen production. Family History: Having a close relative with breast or ovarian cancer raises the risk. Alcohol Use: Heavy drinking impairs liver function and elevates estrogen. Genetic mutations (especially BRCA1 and BRCA2) Elevated estrogen levels due to liver disease or obesity Radiation exposure to the chest Family history of breast or ovarian cancer Klinefelter’s syndrome (extra X chromosome causing hormonal imbalance) Male Breast Cancer Symptoms Early symptoms of male breast cancer are often painless and may go unnoticed, leading to late diagnosis. Being aware of these signs can help with timely medical attention: Lump or Swelling: A firm, usually painless lump near the nipple or underarm is the most common early sign. It may feel hard or fixed to the underlying tissue. Skin Changes: The skin over the breast may become dimpled, puckered, red, or scaly, often resembling an orange peel texture (peau d’orange). Nipple Retraction: The nipple may start turning inward or flattening due to underlying tumour growth pulling the tissue. Nipple Discharge: Any fluid—especially bloody or clear discharge—from the nipple in men should be treated as a warning sign. Ulcer or Non-Healing Sore: Persistent sores or ulcers on or around the nipple area may indicate invasive cancer and require immediate evaluation. Pain or Tenderness: While early cancers are usually painless, some men may experience localised discomfort or tenderness as the disease progresses. Swelling in the Armpit or Collarbone: Enlarged or firm lymph nodes in these areas suggest that cancer may have spread beyond the breast tissue. If you notice any of these, consult a doctor immediately for evaluation. Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer Certain conditions and lifestyle factors can increase a man’s chance of developing breast cancer. Awareness of these risks helps with early detection and prevention. Age: The risk of developing this condition rises with age, with most cases occurring between 60 and 70 years. Family History: Having a close relative with breast or ovarian cancer raises the risk up to 2–3 times. Genetic Mutations: Inherited BRCA2 mutations carry a 6–7% lifetime risk; BRCA1 mutations are slightly lower. Klinefelter’s Syndrome: Men with this condition have a 20–50 times higher risk due to increased estrogen. Obesity: Fat tissue converts testosterone into estrogen, promoting tumour growth. Radiation Exposure: Prior chest radiation (e.g., for lymphoma) increases the risk of complications later. Chronic Liver Disease: Cirrhosis impairs hormone regulation and raises estrogen levels. Hormonal Drugs: Long-term use of estrogen-containing medications. Alcohol Consumption: Regular heavy drinking elevates estrogen and reduces liver function. Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Techniques for Male Breast Cancer Doctors use several diagnostic tools to confirm male breast cancer and determine its extent: Clinical Breast Examination: Checks for lumps, nipple changes, or swelling in the armpit. Mammogram: X-ray imaging to detect abnormal masses or calcifications. Breast Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to distinguish solid tumours from cysts. MRI scan: Provides detailed images of tumour size and spread. CT scan: Detects metastasis to organs such as the lungs, liver, or bones. Biopsy: Confirms cancer by examining tissue under a microscope. CA 15.3 Test: Measures tumour marker levels to monitor treatment response. Cancer Marker Profile – Breast: Evaluates multiple markers to assess tumour activity. NextGen Metastatic HR+ Breast Cancer Panel: Utilizes advanced genetic sequencing to identify BRCA1/2 and HER2 mutations, enabling personalized targeted therapy. Stages of Male Breast Cancer Staging helps determine how far cancer has spread and guides treatment decisions. Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ — abnormal cells confined to the ducts, non-invasive. Stage I: Tumour ≤2 cm, no lymph node involvement. Stage II: Tumour 2–5 cm or spread to nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: Larger tumour with multiple lymph nodes or chest wall involvement. Stage IV: Cancer has spread (metastasised) to distant organs such as bones, lungs, or liver. Early-stage cancers (0–II) have excellent outcomes with surgery and hormone therapy, while advanced stages (III–IV) often need combined chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy. Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer Treatment depends on cancer stage, hormone receptor status, and overall health. A multidisciplinary approach ensures the best outcomes. Surgical Treatment for Male Breast Cancer Mastectomy: Complete removal of the breast tissue, nipple, and often nearby lymph nodes; it’s the most common surgery for male breast cancer. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: A minimally invasive procedure to check if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: Performed if sentinel nodes test positive to prevent further spread. Reconstructive Surgery: An optional procedure to restore the chest contour after mastectomy. Chemotherapy and Hormone Therapy Chemotherapy: Uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. It may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumour or after surgery (adjuvant) to prevent recurrence. Hormone Therapy: Recommended for men with estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive (ER/PR+) cancers. Drugs like tamoxifen block estrogen’s effect on breast tissue, slowing or stopping tumour growth. Targeted Therapy: For HER2-positive cancers, drugs such as trastuzumab (Herceptin) specifically attack cancer cells. Combination Approach: Chemotherapy and hormone therapy are often combined for advanced or recurrent male breast cancer to improve survival outcomes. Survival Rates for Male Breast Cancer The survival rate for male breast cancer depends mainly on the stage at diagnosis and how well the cancer responds to treatment. When detected early (Stages I–II), the 5-year survival rate is around 90–95%. For cancers that have spread to nearby lymph nodes (Stage III), survival drops to about 80–85%, and for distant metastasis (Stage IV), it falls to around 20–25%. Overall, men have a 5-year survival rate of approximately 84%, which is similar to that of women when matched stage for stage. However, late detection and lack of awareness often lead to poorer outcomes. Regular screening and timely treatment greatly improve survival and quality of life. Prevention of Male Breast Cancer While male breast cancer cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle choices and medical precautions can lower the risk: Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess body fat increases estrogen production, which can stimulate the growth of abnormal breast cells. A balanced diet and regular exercise help reduce this risk. Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking impairs liver function and raises estrogen levels. Restricting alcohol intake helps maintain hormonal balance and promotes liver health. Exercise Regularly: Engaging in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity daily can improve metabolism, boost immunity, and help maintain healthy hormone levels. Manage Chronic Liver Disease: Conditions like cirrhosis and hepatitis alter hormone regulation. Timely diagnosis and treatment of liver disorders can prevent hormonal imbalance. Avoid Unnecessary Radiation Exposure: Limiting exposure to chest radiation lowers the risk of DNA damage and subsequent tumour formation. Genetic Counselling and Testing: Men with a strong family history or those who have BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations should undergo genetic testing to assess their risk and take preventive measures early. Eat a Balanced, Antioxidant-Rich Diet: Foods rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids help fight inflammation and support cellular health. Regular Health Check-ups: Routine clinical exams and mammogram screenings enable early detection and improve survival outcomes. Adopting these preventive habits and seeking prompt evaluation for any breast changes can help reduce risk and ensure early diagnosis. Conclusion Although male breast cancer is rare, early detection and timely treatment can make a life-saving difference. Regular health check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and diagnostic tests such as Mammograms, MRIs, CT scans, and tumour marker profiling play a crucial role in improving outcomes. At Metropolis Healthcare, we make quality diagnostics accessible and reliable for everyone. With 4000+ tests, including advanced cancer marker panels and genetic screenings, we support accurate diagnosis and personalised care. You can choose from comprehensive full-body check-ups, benefit from home sample collection across 10,000+ touchpoints, and get quick turnaround times with trusted accuracy. Booking is simple and convenient — via our website, mobile app, WhatsApp, or a quick call — making healthcare easily accessible. Trusted by doctors and patients alike, Metropolis continues to lead in speciality testing, empowering every individual to take charge of their health with confidence and precision. FAQs What Are the Early Signs of Male Breast Cancer? A firm lump near the nipple, nipple discharge, and skin dimpling are often the first noticeable signs. Men should not ignore these symptoms, as early detection dramatically improves recovery chances. Can Men Get Breast Cancer? Yes. Although rare, men can develop breast cancer due to the presence of small breast ducts and hormonal changes. Awareness and screening are vital for timely intervention. Is Male Breast Cancer Inherited? In some cases, yes. Genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 or a family history of breast and ovarian cancer can significantly raise the risk. At what Age Do Men Get Breast Cancer? Most cases occur in men between 60 and 70 years old, although younger men with genetic mutations may also be affected.

What Are Elevated Liver Enzymes? Elevated liver enzymes refer to higher-than-normal levels of proteins (mainly ALT and AST) released into the blood when liver cells are damaged or inflamed. These enzymes are measured through a Liver Function Test (LFT), which helps evaluate how well your liver is functioning. Mild increases may be temporary and harmless, but persistently elevated readings can indicate underlying conditions such as fatty liver disease, hepatitis, or even liver cancer. What Causes Elevated Liver Enzymes? High liver enzyme levels often signal inflammation or damage caused by: Fatty liver disease: Due to alcohol, obesity, or diabetes; common and reversible with lifestyle changes. Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E): Infections that inflame the liver and raise enzyme levels. Excess alcohol: Damages liver cells and can lead to cirrhosis. Medications or supplements: Painkillers, antibiotics, or statins may cause drug-induced liver injury. Obesity and metabolic issues: Fat buildup in the liver leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gallstones or bile duct blockage: Can raise ALP and GGT levels and are often associated with jaundice or abdominal pain. Autoimmune hepatitis: Occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own liver cells, leading to chronic inflammation. A study published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found that 62.53% of Type 2 diabetes patients in North India showed elevated liver enzyme levels compared to 32% of healthy individuals — highlighting a strong link between metabolic disorders and liver dysfunction. Elevated Liver Enzymes Symptoms In many people, elevated liver enzymes cause no obvious symptoms and are found during a routine LFT. When signs appear, they may include: Fatigue or weakness Loss of appetite and nausea Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side Yellowing of skin or eyes (jaundice) Dark urine and pale stools Itchy skin or swelling in the legs and abdomen Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Techniques for Elevated Liver Enzymes To pinpoint the reason behind elevated levels, doctors may recommend: Liver Function Test (LFT): Measures ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, and albumin to assess liver health. Viral Hepatitis Screening: Detects infections with hepatitis A, B, or C, which can cause liver inflammation. Fatty Liver and Fibrosis Tests (Fatty Liver Profile, FibroMax, ActiTest): Evaluate fat buildup and scarring. Autoimmune Liver Disease Profiles: Identify antibodies linked to autoimmune hepatitis. Cancer Marker Tests (AFP, Liver Marker Panels): Screen for liver tumours and early liver cancer. Ultrasound: Checks for fatty liver, cysts, or gallstones. CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the liver's structure and abnormalities. MRI: Detects fibrosis, tumours, or internal bleeding. Indocyanine Green (ICG) Clearance Test: Evaluates liver blood flow and function. Liver biopsy or immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel: Used to confirm chronic liver disease, fibrosis, or liver cancer. What to Do If Your Liver Enzyme Levels Are High Elevated liver enzymes indicate inflammation or stress in the liver. Follow-up testing and simple lifestyle changes can help restore normal levels. Liver Enzyme Tests: What They Measure ALT (Alanine transaminase): Detects active liver inflammation and is one of the most sensitive markers for liver cell damage. AST (Aspartate transaminase): Found in liver, heart, and muscle tissues; helps determine the severity and origin of injury. ALP (Alkaline phosphatase): Indicates bile duct obstruction, gallbladder disorders, or bone-related conditions. GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase): Often elevated due to alcohol use or medication-induced liver stress; also helps confirm bile flow obstruction. Bilirubin: Measures how efficiently the liver processes waste; high levels cause jaundice. Albumin and Total Protein: Evaluate the liver’s ability to produce essential proteins for body function. Chronic Liver Conditions and Elevated Enzymes Persistent enzyme elevation may indicate fatty liver disease (NAFLD or AFLD), autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, or liver cirrhosis. Chronic inflammation increases the risk of fibrosis or liver cancer, making early detection through regular LFTs and imaging (CT, MRI) vital. Lifestyle Changes for Managing Elevated Liver Enzymes Avoid alcohol and quit smoking to reduce liver strain. Maintain a healthy weight by following a balanced diet and engaging in regular exercise. Control diabetes and cholesterol under the guidance of a medical professional. Avoid overusing painkillers or herbal supplements unless prescribed by your doctor. Eat antioxidant-rich foods like turmeric, berries, citrus fruits, and leafy greens to aid detoxification. Stay well-hydrated to support optimal liver function. Treatment Options for Elevated Liver Enzymes Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring healthy liver function: Targeted therapy: Antiviral medications for hepatitis or weight management strategies for fatty liver disease. Medication review: Doctors may adjust or replace medications that cause enzyme elevation. Dietary guidance: Limiting fried foods, refined carbs, and processed sugar. Monitoring progress: Regular LFTs, Ultrasound, CT Scan, or MRI to track liver recovery. Advanced care: In severe cases, fibrosis reversal therapy, additional biopsy, or liver transplant evaluation may be required. Can Elevated Liver Enzymes Be Prevented? Yes. In most cases, elevated liver enzymes can be prevented through consistent liver-healthy habits and timely check-ups. The liver has a remarkable ability to heal and regenerate when protected from chronic stress. Prevention Tips Limit alcohol consumption or avoid it completely. Maintain a healthy weight and manage conditions like diabetes or high cholesterol. Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while avoiding processed or fried foods. Stay hydrated and engage in regular physical activity to support healthy liver function. Use medications responsibly — avoid self-medicating and check with your doctor before using painkillers or supplements. Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. When to See a Doctor? You should consult a doctor if your Liver Function Test (LFT) shows persistently high enzyme levels or if you experience symptoms suggesting liver distress. Early medical evaluation can prevent irreversible damage. See a doctor immediately if you notice: Persistent fatigue, weakness, or loss of appetite Yellowing of the eyes or skin (jaundice) Abdominal pain or swelling, especially in the upper right side Dark urine or pale stools Unexplained nausea or vomiting Confusion or drowsiness (possible liver dysfunction) Conclusion Elevated liver enzymes can often be managed with early diagnosis and simple lifestyle changes. Timely testing helps detect liver stress before it becomes serious. At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer 4000+ tests, including comprehensive liver profiles and full body check-ups, with accurate results from NABL & CAP-accredited labs. Enjoy home sample collection through 10,000+ touchpoints, fast turnaround, and easy booking via website, app, call, or WhatsApp. FAQs What are elevated liver enzymes? They refer to higher-than-normal levels of liver proteins like ALT and AST in the blood, indicating possible liver inflammation or damage. Can elevated liver enzymes indicate liver disease? Yes. Persistent elevation may suggest conditions like fatty liver disease, hepatitis, or cirrhosis, which need timely diagnosis and management. How are elevated liver enzymes treated? Treat underlying cause (e.g., antivirals for hepatitis). Modify diet and reduce alcohol. Regular follow-up with LFTs. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans or MRIs, are used to monitor recovery. What can cause temporary elevated liver enzymes? Short-term enzyme increases can result from intense exercise, certain medications, or a viral infection. These usually normalise without treatment. Are elevated liver enzymes serious? Not always. Mild or temporary elevations often resolve on their own, but sustained high readings may indicate chronic liver injury requiring medical attention.

What Is World AIDS Day? World AIDS Day is an internationally recognised health observance held annually on December 1st, bringing together communities worldwide to raise awareness about HIV and AIDS while demonstrating global solidarity in facing this ongoing pandemic. Established in 1988, World AIDS Day has evolved into one of the most widely recognised international health days, serving as a vital platform for education, remembrance, and advocacy. Must Read: AIDS: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention Why Is World AIDS Day Observed Every Year? World AIDS Day is observed every year to raise awareness about HIV, support people living with the virus, honour those who have lost their lives, and renew global commitment to ending the epidemic. The World AIDS Day history dates back to 1988, when it became the first-ever international health day established to focus attention on the growing HIV/AIDS crisis. Since then, it has served as a reminder of the ongoing need for education, testing, prevention, treatment access, and the fight against stigma, ensuring that HIV remains a global health priority. Theme of WHO World AIDS Day 2025 The World AIDS Day theme for 2025 is "Overcoming disruption, transforming the AIDS response," which reflects the current challenges facing the global HIV response and calls for sustained political leadership, international cooperation, and human-rights-centred approaches to end AIDS by 2030. WHO stated that the World AIDS Day 2025 theme acknowledges that after decades of progress, the HIV response stands at a crossroads, with life-saving services being disrupted and many communities facing heightened risks and vulnerabilities. However, the theme also emphasises hope and resilience, recognising the determination and innovation of communities who strive to end AIDS. Understanding HIV & AIDS: Key Differences Aspect HIV AIDS Definition HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, especially CD4 cells. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the advanced stage of HIV infection when the immune system becomes severely weakened. What It Represents A viral infection A syndrome marked by symptoms, opportunistic infections, and severe immune damage CD4 Count Indicator CD4 cells may decline over time without treatment Diagnosed when CD4 count falls below 200 cells per microlitre or when certain severe infections develop Progression Timeline Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS, especially with timely treatment Represents late-stage HIV; progression is preventable with proper care Treatability Managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses the virus and prevents progression Requires comprehensive medical management due to significant immune compromise   Also Read: HIV & AIDS: Overview, Symptoms, Treatment, Differences & Prevention How HIV Affects the Body HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, the immune cells responsible for fighting infections. As the virus multiplies, CD4 levels drop, weakening the immune system. Early infection may cause mild flu-like symptoms, but many people stay symptom-free for years. As HIV progresses, the body becomes vulnerable to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis, pneumonia, fungal infections, and some cancers. Without treatment, HIV advances to AIDS, the stage where the immune system is severely damaged. World AIDS Day: Key Statistics & Global Burden of HIV World AIDS Day 2025 highlights the ongoing global impact of HIV/AIDS through these sobering statistics: 40.8 million people were living with HIV globally in 2024 Approximately 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes in 2024 1.3 million people acquired HIV in 2024 Over 2.5 million people are living with HIV in India with the adult HIV prevalence at approximately 0.2% Estimated annual new HIV infections in India are around 66,400, reflecting a 44% decrease since 2010 Signs & Symptoms of HIV Infection Recognising HIV symptoms can be challenging, as they often mimic other common illnesses. As highlighted during HIV Awareness Day, here are the key signs to watch for: Acute infection (2–4 weeks post-exposure): Fever, chills, rash, sore throat, fatigue, muscle aches, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes Asymptomatic phase: Many people have no symptoms for months or years, making regular HIV testing essential Advanced HIV: Severe fatigue, weight loss, persistent fever, diarrhoea, recurring infections, and prolonged swollen lymph nodes Opportunistic infections: Tuberculosis, pneumonia, oral thrush, and other infections that appear as CD4 counts drop How Is HIV Diagnosed? Tests Used for Detection HIV-1 RNA Detection: Most sensitive HIV test available, capable of detecting HIV as early as 10-33 days after exposure; particularly useful during the window period when antibodies have not yet developed HIV-1 and HIV-2 Antibody Test: Detects antibodies produced by the immune system in response to HIV infection and typically becomes positive 23-35 days after exposure; it is one of the most commonly used screening tests STD Profile/Comprehensive Sexual Health Screening: Includes HIV testing along with screening for other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and hepatitis B and C HIV Test Types Explained Blood tests: Conducted through a healthcare provider or laboratory, blood tests can detect HIV antibodies or HIV RNA and provide the most accurate results Rapid HIV tests: These tests provide results in 15-20 minutes and can be performed in clinical settings, community health centres, or at home; they detect HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid Home HIV test kits: Over-the-counter rapid tests allow individuals to test themselves at home with results available in 15-20 minutes; if positive, confirmatory testing at a healthcare facility is necessary World AIDS Day & Importance of Early Testing Early HIV testing is essential because it helps people start treatment promptly, protect their health, and prevent transmission. When HIV is detected early and treated, individuals can achieve an undetectable viral load, meaning the virus cannot be sexually transmitted. Early diagnosis also allows regular monitoring of CD4 counts and viral load, helping prevent opportunistic infections. World AIDS Day reinforces the importance of routine HIV testing, especially for sexually active individuals and those at higher risk. Prevention: How to Reduce the Risk of HIV Transmission Safe sex practices: Using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity significantly reduces HIV transmission risk Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Daily medication for high-risk individuals can reduce HIV infection risk by up to 99% when taken consistently Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): Emergency medication taken within 72 hours of potential HIV exposure can prevent infection Regular HIV testing: Knowing your status and that of your partners enables informed decision-making about sexual health Limiting sexual partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners decreases exposure risk Avoiding sharing needles: Using clean needles and syringes prevents transmission through blood contact Healthy Living With HIV: Treatment & Support Options Modern HIV treatment has transformed HIV/AIDS from a fatal diagnosis to a manageable chronic condition: Antiretroviral therapy (ART): Combination medications that suppress HIV replication and maintain immune function Regular monitoring: Routine blood tests to track viral load and CD4 counts ensure treatment effectiveness Comprehensive healthcare: Managing HIV includes preventing and treating opportunistic infections and other health conditions Mental health support: Counselling and support groups help address the emotional aspects of living with HIV Nutritional guidance: Proper nutrition supports immune function and overall health in people with HIV Lifestyle modifications: Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management contribute to better health outcomes Support & Community Role on World AIDS Day World AIDS Day underscores how vital communities are in supporting people affected by HIV. Government organisations, schools, workplaces, and support groups help by raising awareness, educating the public, and promoting stigma-free, inclusive spaces. It also highlights the value of peer networks, where people living with HIV share experiences, encourage one another, and access guidance on treatment, healthcare navigation, and daily life with HIV. Ending Stigma & Misinformation About HIV/AIDS Stigma and misinformation remain major obstacles to HIV prevention and care. World AIDS Day plays a key role in correcting myths — such as the false belief that HIV spreads through casual contact or that people with HIV cannot live healthy, normal lives. Education is essential: HIV cannot be transmitted through hugging, sharing food, or everyday interactions, and people on effective treatment cannot pass the virus to partners. World AIDS Day campaigns use accurate information and real stories to challenge stigma and build more supportive, inclusive communities. How You Can Participate in World AIDS Day Activities Educate yourself and others about HIV facts, prevention methods, and treatment options Share accurate information on social media using official World AIDS Day 2025 resources and hashtags Support local organisations working in HIV prevention, testing, and care through volunteering or donations Get tested for HIV and encourage others to know their status Advocate for policy changes that improve access to HIV prevention and treatment services Show solidarity by wearing the red ribbon, the international symbol of HIV awareness World AIDS Day Messages, Quotes & Slogans "Know your status, protect your future" "Undetectable equals untransmittable - science saves lives" "End AIDS stigma, embrace compassion" "Prevention is power, testing is strength" "Together we can end AIDS by 2030" “End stigma. End ignorance. End HIV” Government & NGO Initiatives to Fight HIV Government of India’s NACP Phase-V (2021–26) has invested ₹15,000+ crore to cut new HIV infections and AIDS deaths by 80% (vs 2010), aligned with the UN SDG 2030 goal. Focus on targeted interventions, peer-led outreach, and Sampoorna Suraksha Kendras (SSKs) as single-window HIV/STI service hubs Free HIV testing, counselling, ART, universal viral load testing, and early infant diagnosis strengthen the care continuum HIV/AIDS Act 2017 protects rights and combats discrimination NGOs, NACO, UNAIDS, and WHO drive awareness, prevention, PMTCT, harm-reduction, community mobilisation, and rollout of new prevention tools When to Seek Medical Help for HIV Concerns You should seek medical advice if you experience potential HIV symptoms, have had unprotected sex, shared needles, or believe you may have been exposed to HIV. Don't wait for symptoms to appear—many people with HIV remain asymptomatic for years. Healthcare providers can perform appropriate tests, provide counselling about risk factors, and discuss prevention options like PrEP if you're at ongoing risk. If you test positive for HIV, immediate medical care is crucial. Early treatment significantly improves long-term health outcomes and prevents progression to AIDS. Where to Get an HIV Test Near You Government health centres: Free or low-cost testing at primary health centres and district hospitals Private laboratories: Reliable testing with fast, confidential results NGO clinics: Free community-based testing and counselling Home testing kits: Available at pharmacies; positive results must be lab-confirmed Mobile testing units: Outreach services offering tests in underserved areas Online booking platforms: Easy scheduling for certified lab tests You can now also book convenient at-home sample collection services from Metropolis Healthcare for hassle-free HIV testing. Through our extensive network of 10,000+ touchpoints across India, we bring convenient at-home sample collection directly to you, making HIV testing accessible and private. FAQs Why do we celebrate World AIDS Day? To raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, honour those lost, support people living with HIV, and unite communities against stigma. What is the theme of World AIDS Day 2025? The 2025 theme is “Overcoming disruption, transforming the AIDS response,” emphasising leadership, cooperation, and rights-based action to end AIDS by 2030. How can I support someone living with HIV? Offer emotional support, respect confidentiality, learn accurate information, help them access care, and treat them with dignity. Can HIV be cured permanently? No permanent cure exists, but ART can suppress HIV to undetectable levels, ensuring long, healthy lives and no sexual transmission. What is the difference between HIV & AIDS? HIV is the virus; AIDS is its advanced stage when immunity is severely weakened. Proper treatment prevents progression. Is HIV still a serious global health issue? Yes. In 2024, about 40.8 million people lived with HIV, with 1.3 million new infections and 630,000 AIDS-related deaths. How effective is antiretroviral therapy? Very effective. Consistent ART lowers HIV to undetectable levels, preserves immunity, prevents AIDS, and stops sexual transmission.