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Introduction Have you ever wondered about the mysterious world of medical diagnostics? Specifically, how do doctors precisely diagnose a condition like Breast Cancer, and determine Breast cancer treatment based on individual patient profiles? Your curiosity is valid. The world of medical science has progressed by leaps and bounds over the years, with advancements like companion diagnostics changing how we approach diseases. Companion diagnostics is a sophisticated tool that helps tailor Breast cancer treatment to each patient's needs. But what is this tool? How does it connect to Breast Cancer? More importantly, how can it help in easing Breast cancer pain? Let's dive in and understand! What is Breast Cancer? Breast cancer refers to a condition where cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. It's important to note that not all lumps are cancerous; they can also be benign or non-cancerous. What causes Breast Cancer? Scientific research points out various Breast cancer causes. It could be triggered by factors like genetic mutations, lifestyle habits (including smoking), certain environmental factors, or hormonal changes. However, every woman's risk may vary based on numerous factors. It is important to note that having these risk factors doesn't necessarily mean one will develop breast cancer. What are the symptoms of Breast Cancer? Breast cancer pain is not always noticeable. Sometimes, there are no there are no clear symptoms. However, common signs include: A new lump in the breast or underarm. Change in the size or shape of the breast. Pain in any area of the breast. Nipple discharge apart from breast milk Dimpling or puckering of breast skin If you observe any of these, seeking immediate medical help is key. How to diagnose Breast Cancer? Diagnosing breast cancer involves several steps, from initial screenings to diagnostic mammograms, biopsies, and, most importantly, companion diagnostics. This leads us to the question: What exactly are companion diagnostics? Companion diagnostics are tests done to identify specific biomarkers in a patient's genes, proteins, or tissues. They help doctors determine which treatments might work best for the patient. For instance, in breast cancer treatment, companion diagnostics can reveal whether cancer cells contain hormone receptors What are the treatment options for Breast Cancer? Breast cancer pain treatment options vary based on the type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, and the patient's preferences and overall health. The main treatments include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Targeted therapy The last one is where companion diagnostics plays a vital role by precisely identifying which targeted therapy will work best. What’s the difference between Breast Cancer and Cervical Cancer? Although both are common in women, breast and cervical cancers differ significantly in their causes, symptoms and treatments. While Breast cancer often begins from the cells lining milk ducts or glands, cervical cancer affects the lower part of the uterus. The risk factors also vary, hormonal changes mainly influence breast cancer whereas cervical cancer is most often caused by HPV (a sexually transmitted infection). Who’s at risk for Breast Cancer? Every woman potentially faces a risk of breast cancer. However, risks are higher among those with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, women over age 50, those who started menstruation before age 12 or underwent menopause after age 55. Alarmingly, there is a rising number of breast cancer cases in young women, highlighting the need for regular check-ups for everyone, regardless of age. What’s the outlook for Breast Cancer? With advancements in early detection and treatment, breast cancer survival rates have greatly improved. However, early detection is key. But remember, early detection is key. Regular screenings and being aware of changes in your body can help detect cancer at an early stage when it's most treatable. Conclusion Breast cancer affects not only patients but also their loved ones. Thankfully, innovations like companion diagnostics provide hope and pathways to healing. Regular check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and prompt interventions are essential for prevention and effective treatment. For women, being aware of risk factors and prioritizing regular health screenings is key to staying informed and empowered. Considering the critical role of diagnostics in managing breast cancer, services like those offered by Metropolis Healthcare are indispensable. Renowned for their accurate pathology testing and comprehensive health check-up services, Metropolis ensures you receive quality care from the comfort of your home. Stay empowered and prioritize your health!

Introduction Have you ever heard of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? This genetic disorder largely affects women, though men can also be impacted. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of HBOC, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods and available treatment options. What is Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) is a genetic condition that significantly increases the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. These cancers often occur at a younger age than in those without the syndrome. It is primarily linked to alterations or mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes inherited from parents. In specific communities, such as individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, the chances of carrying these gene mutations are notably higher, with studies indicating that about 1 in 40 individuals from this group have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. What Causes Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? The primary cause of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) is the inheritance of harmful mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes from one's parents. Recognising the Symptoms of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) Identifying symptoms of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) can be challenging because the syndrome itself doesn’t cause any specific symptoms. Instead, it raises the risk of developing specific cancers, especially breast and ovarian cancer. In women, signs of breast cancer may include a new lump in the breast or underarm area, nipple discharge other than breast milk, or changes in the breast's size or shape. Ovarian cancer symptoms may present as abdominal swelling, pelvic discomfort, or chronic indigestion and nausea. The Diagnosis Process for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) To diagnose Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC), blood or saliva samples are taken from a patient to examine their BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for any mutations. Here's a step-by-step overview of diagnosing HBOC: Reviewing personal and family medical history: A healthcare provider takes into account your personal medical history and family history of cancer to determine whether genetic testing would be beneficial. Genetic counselling session: Before undergoing genetic testing for HBOC, it’s recommended to have a counselling session with a certified genetic counsellor. Genetic testing: A healthcare provider takes a blood or saliva sample, which is analysed in a laboratory to check for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Understanding the results: A negative result means no known harmful BRCA mutations were detected, while a positive result indicates the presence of harmful mutations. What are the Treatment Options for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Although there's no specific Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) treatment, those diagnosed can take preventive measures that include: Regular cancer screenings: This involves routine mammograms and MRIs for breast cancer, regular pelvic exams and ultrasounds for ovarian cancer. Risk-reducing surgeries: Preventive surgeries like mastectomy (removal of breasts) or salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of fallopian tubes and ovaries) can significantly lower the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. Medication: Certain drugs can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk individuals. HBOC versus BRCA - What's the Difference? While the terms are often used interchangeably, Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) and BRCA are not the same. HBOC is a genetic condition that raises the risk of certain cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancers, due to mutations in various genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2. Therefore, although BRCA gene mutations are a key factor in HBOC, the syndrome itself is linked to mutations in other genes as well. Who’s at Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC)? Identifying who's at risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) largely depends on genetic factors and family history. Individuals with a strong family history of breast, ovarian, or other related cancers may have an increased risk of having HBOC. The Outlook for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) While a diagnosis of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) can understandably cause anxiety, it's important to remember that it does not guarantee cancer development. Early detection through regular screenings can lead to successful treatment and management. Conclusion Understanding Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC) empowers us to take proactive steps regarding our health. Genetic testing for early detection offers a way forward for those at risk, allowing them to implement preventive measures against cancer development. In line with this need for early detection, Metropolis Healthcare provides comprehensive diagnostic services such as genetic testing for HBOC. Their home-based sample collection aims to provide comfort and convenience to patients while delivering accurate results which are processed in their advanced labs.

What is Lymphocytosis (High Lymphocyte Count)? Our bodies respond to infections or diseases by activating white blood cells known as lymphocytes. When the count of these cells significantly increases in your bloodstream, we refer to this condition as Lymphocytosis, or high lymphocyte count. It's essential to understand that lymphocytes play a critical role in your immune system, protecting you from harmful infections. Therefore, a temporary increase in lymphocyte count is usually a sign that your body is functioning correctly to ward off harmful germs. However, in some rare cases, Lymphocytosis could be indicative of more severe conditions. For adults, a high lymphocyte count typically means more than 4,000 lymphocytes per microlitre of blood. How Common is Lymphocytosis? Lymphocytosis isn't an uncommon occurrence. It frequently presents itself among people who have: Recently overcome an infection (usually viral) Medical conditions causing long-lasting inflammation, like rheumatoid arthritis Newly administered medication Experienced severe medical illnesses such as trauma Undergone spleen removal Certain types of cancer, like leukaemia or lymphoma What Causes Lymphocytosis? Infections A high lymphocyte count often suggests that your body is battling an infection or inflammatory condition. These white blood cells work tirelessly to eliminate any foreign threats that might make you ill. Infectious causes of lymphocytosis include: Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that causes mononucleosis) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Influenza (the flu) Whooping cough Adenovirus Hepatitis Chickenpox or shingles Mumps Rubella HIV Cancer Sometimes, Lymphocytosis could be an early sign of certain blood cancers (like leukaemia) or cancers affecting your lymphatic system (like lymphoma). Examples of cancers associated with Lymphocytosis are: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Large granular lymphocytic leukaemia Other Causes There are also non-infectious factors that may contribute to a high lymphocyte count. These include: Smoking Allergic reaction to medication Stress related to a medical emergency Certain autoimmune diseases Asplenia (removal of your spleen) What are the Symptoms of Lymphocytosis? Lymphocytosis usually doesn’t cause any symptoms on its own. However, the underlying issue that raises your white blood cell count might lead to symptoms. For example, if you have an infection, you could notice swollen lymph nodes in your neck. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on the cause. Many people only discover they have a high lymphocyte count during blood tests for other conditions. How is Lymphocytosis Diagnosed? Healthcare providers assess lymphocytosis by reviewing your medical history, current symptoms, medications, and conducting a physical exam. They may also ask about your lifestyle and habits to evaluate your risk for specific infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A key component of the diagnosis is a blood test to measure your lymphocyte count. What Tests Will Be Done to Diagnose Lymphocytosis? After identifying a high lymphocyte count, your healthcare provider may order a complete blood count (CBC) with differential. This test helps confirm whether your lymphocyte levels are elevated. Depending on the findings, further tests like flow cytometry may be necessary to determine if the lymphocytes are clonal, which can suggest conditions such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In certain situations, a bone marrow biopsy might also be required to investigate the underlying cause of lymphocytosis. How is Lymphocytosis Treated? The treatment for Lymphocytosis involves addressing the underlying cause, resulting in a high lymphocyte count. If your body is producing more white blood cells to combat an infection, you may not need treatment, as your immune system usually takes care of the issue. However, if the surge in white blood cells indicates cancer, you will need to discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider. What Complications are Associated with Lymphocytosis? In some cases, Lymphocytosis can be an early indicator of certain blood cancers. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most common form of leukaemia in adults, can often present with Lymphocytosis. Further testing is needed to rule out other medical conditions and confirm the cause of Lymphocytosis. Can Lymphocytosis be Prevented? Although lymphocytosis cannot be prevented, you can lower your risk of illness by taking certain precautions: Avoid physical contact with people carrying contagious diseases Refrain from sharing personal items with those who are sick Wash hands frequently and thoroughly using soap and water Regularly disinfect surfaces and items that may carry germs What is the Outcome After Treatment of Lymphocytosis? Typically, Lymphocytosis resolves after treating the condition or disease causing your body to produce extra white blood cells. When Should I be Concerned About Lymphocytes? Reach out to your healthcare provider if you have a persistent infection, chronic (ongoing) symptoms or symptoms that worsen over time. A complete medical examination can help determine if you have Lymphocytosis. Does Lymphocytosis Lead to Leukaemia? While it can, this is rare. Sometimes monoclonal B-cell Lymphocytosis (MBL) progresses to a specific leukaemia known as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). With MBL, you have higher-than-normal amounts of clonal B-cells in your blood. Conclusion Lymphocytosis, or a high lymphocyte count, is often a sign of your body's hard work in fighting off infection or disease. However, if lymphocyte counts remain high for an extended period, it is vital to consult with healthcare professionals for further tests and possible treatments. At Metropolis Healthcare, we provide accurate pathology testing and health check-up services right at your doorstep. To learn more about our services and how we can assist you with your health journey, do visit the Metropolis Healthcare website today.

Introduction Have you noticed experiencing persistent dryness in your eyes or struggling to see clearly in dim light? These might be more than just regular eye discomfort. You might have a condition called Keratomalacia, which happens from a lack of vitamin A, often affecting people who are not getting enough nutrition. In this guide, we'll explore the causes, signs, and ways to treat Keratomalacia. What is Keratomalacia? Keratomalacia is an eye condition where the cornea, the clear front part of your eye, becomes dry and cloudy. It often begins with severe dryness of the cornea and and conjunctiva (the membrane lining your eyelid), a condition known as xerophthalmia. If not addressed promptly, keratomalacia can lead to infections, rupture of ocular tissues, and eventually blindness. Such drastic complications underline the importance of early diagnosis and adequate treatment. What Causes Keratomalacia? The main cause of Keratomalacia is a serious lack of vitamin A. This deficiency can happen for two reasons: Dietary Deficiency: In developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent, people may not get enough vitamin A from their diet. Metabolic Inability: In some individuals, the body struggles to absorb vitamin A, even when their diet is sufficient. This is often seen in those with conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases, liver disease, or cystic fibrosis. What are the Symptoms of Keratomalacia? Several tell-tale signs can alert you to the possibility of Keratomalacia. The symptoms include: Night blindness, or difficulty adjusting your vision in dim or dark light. Extreme dryness of the eyes. Cloudiness in your corneas. Bitot’s spots, which appear as foamy, light grey patches due to a build up of debris lodged in your conjunctiva. If you notice any of these symptoms, it's crucial to consult a healthcare provider promptly for a thorough evaluation. How is Keratomalacia Diagnosed? To diagnose Keratomalacia, a doctor will do a medical exam and specific tests. They will first check your eyes for signs like dryness or ulcers. Blood tests may be done to confirm a vitamin A deficiency. An electroretinography test, that examines the light-sensitive cells of your eye could be used to firm up the diagnosis. What are the Treatment Options for Keratomalacia? Treatment for Keratomalacia focuses on two key areas: Correcting the Vitamin A Deficiency: This can be achieved by improving dietary intake or using vitamin A supplements. Treating Any Existing Eye Infections: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are usually prescribed for this purpose. In severe cases where the cornea has sustained substantial damage, a surgical procedure called keratoplasty might be recommended. This involves a corneal transplant to replace scar tissue obstructing vision. What’s the Difference Between Keratomalacia and Xerophthalmia? Keratomalacia and Xerophthalmia are related conditions that both result from vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia refers to abnormal dryness of the eyes, while Keratomalacia is a progressive disease that begins as xerophthalmia and can lead to the softening and can cause potential damage of the cornea if not treated. Who’s at Risk for Keratomalacia? Although anyone can develop Keratomalacia, certain groups are more susceptible: Infants and young children living in poverty-stricken regions. Malnourished individuals, particularly children. Individuals residing in developing countries with low dietary intake of vitamin A. People who misuse alcohol. Individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), liver disease, or cystic fibrosis. Being in a risk group doesn't mean you will develop Keratomalacia. However, if you fall under any of these categories, it's important to get regular check-ups and stay vigilant about your eye health. What’s the Outlook for Keratomalacia? In developed countries where diets are typically rich in vitamin A, Keratomalacia is relatively rare. However, for those in high-risk group or experiencing symptoms like extremely dry eyes or trouble seeing in dim light, it's important to consult a healthcare provider. Conclusion Understanding Keratomalacia, including its symptoms, causes, and treatment options, is key to maintaining good eye health. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can prevent serious complications like blindness. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in vitamin A might be your strong defence against Keratomalacia. For further guidance on managing this condition or for general eye health check-ups, consider Metropolis Healthcare's Diagnostic Services. With our state-of-the-art labs and home sample collection service, we aim to empower you in prioritising your health.

Introduction Neuropathic pain, also known as nerve pain, is a discomforting sensation resulting from injury or malfunction in the nervous system. It's a complex, chronic condition that can negatively impact an individual's quality of life. However, by understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, managing neuropathic pain becomes easier. Unlike normal pain, which happens when the body is injured or sick, neuropathic pain doesn't result from a specific event. Instead, it feels like painful sensation coming from nowhere because the nervous system is sending incorrect signals, making you feel pain even if there is no injury or illness. What is Neuropathic Pain (Nerve Pain)? Neuropathic pain is a form of chronic pain that occurs when peripheral or central nervous system nerves are damaged or dysfunctional. The peripheral nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the body and the brain. When these nerves are damaged, they may send incorrect signals to the brain's pain centres, resulting in aching sensations even when there's no physical cause for pain. This type of pain can be intense and persistent, and is frequently described as a shooting or burning sensation. Conditions such as diabetes, shingles, and various central nervous system disorders can trigger neuropathic pain. What are the Symptoms of Neuropathic Pain? Imagine suddenly feeling a sharp, shooting pain in your arm while you're simply enjoying your morning tea, or experiencing tingling and numbness in your legs during a leisurely stroll in the park. These unexpected sensations could be signs of neuropathic pain. Here are typical signs you may experience: Sudden or persistent shooting, burning or stabbing pain. A tingling and numbness sensation that feels like "pins and needles". Spontaneous pain occurring without trigger. Evoked pain caused by events that aren't usually painful. Chronic sensation of feeling unpleasant or abnormal. Emotional problems due to chronic pain and difficulty sleeping. What Causes Neuropathic Pain? Neuropathic pain can result from a range of factors, typically classified into four primary categories: Disease: Conditions like multiple sclerosis, cancer, diabetes, long-term alcohol intake, and complications from chemotherapy or radiation treatment can cause neuropathic pain. Notably, diabetes accounts for about 30% of these cases. Injury: Accidents or injuries that affect the spine or result in problems with the back, legs, or hips can cause lasting nerve damage, resulting in neuropathic pain. Infection: Certain infections like shingles or HIV can trigger neuropathic pain. Limb Loss: An unique form of neuropathic pain known as phantom limb syndrome occurs when an arm or leg has been amputated. Additional causes may include vitamin B deficiency, carpal tunnel syndrome, thyroid disorders, facial nerve issues, and spinal arthritis. How do Doctors Diagnose Neuropathic Pain? To diagnose neuropathic pain, doctors begin by conducting a comprehensive medical history review and physical examination. They will look out for typical symptoms, such as numbness or a "pins-and-needles" sensation that often indicate nerve injury. Depending on the findings, further diagnostic tests may be carried out to determine the underlying causes. How do Doctors Treat Nerve Pain? The treatment for neuropathic pain depends on the underlying condition causing it. The primary aim is to alleviate pain while maintaining functionality and enhancing quality of life. Common treatment options include over-the-counter medications like Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prescription medication such as opioids and topical relievers, as well as antidepressants and anticonvulsants. In more serious cases, nerve blocks, implantable devices, or surgical surgeries may be recommended. Complementary therapies such as physical therapy and psychological counselling can be effective in managing neuropathic pain. How to Prevent Neuropathic Pain? While completely preventing neuropathic pain may not always be possible, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk. Key steps includes regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and managing blood sugar levels (especially for diabetics) are crucial steps in preventing neuropathic pain. What’s the Outlook for People with Neuropathic Pain? Although neuropathic pain can be challenging to treat, it doesn't have to restrict your life. With proper management strategies and regular consultation with healthcare providers, individuals can lead productive lives despite the condition. It's crucial to remember that finding the right treatment plan may take time and patience. When to See a Doctor? If you notice symptoms such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, or uncontrolled twitching, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly enhance your quality of life and overall well-being. How can this pain be managed? Managing neuropathic pain involves a comprehensive treatment strategies, including lifestyle modifications. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, reducing alcohol intake, and quitting smoking can significantly help in reducing symptoms. In cases where the pain is due to any specific conditions like diabetes, effectively managing the condition can alleviate or even eliminate neuropathic pain. Conclusion Neuropathic pain may feel overwhelming, but with knowledge and proper medical care, managing it is achievable. Remember that each individual's experience with neuropathic pain may differ; thus, personalised care is important. At Metropolis Healthcare, we prioritize our patient's needs and offer reliable diagnostic services. Our expert team of blood collection technicians ensures that at-home visits for sample collection is convenient for you. For timely reports and personalised care, we invite you to explore our website or book an at-home sample collection today. Remember: Prioritizing your health is the key to a fulfilling life!

What is the Glycemic Index? The glycemic index (GI) measures how various foods affect blood sugar levels. Food items are ranked on a scale of 0-100 based on their impact on blood glucose. In simple terms, foods with a high glycemic index cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels, while those with low glycemic index have lesser impact. Here’s a quick breakdown of glycemic index ratings: Low: 55 or less Medium: 56–69 High: 70 or above Foods that contain no carbohydrates such as meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, and oils are not assigned a glycemic index value. It's important to note that factors like nutrient composition, cooking method, and ripeness of fruits and vegetables also affect glycemic index value. How is the Glycemic Index Determined? Several factors influence the glycemic index of a food. These include: Nutrient Composition: Foods that are high in refined carbohydrates and sugar are digested rapidly, resulting in a high glycemic index. In contrast, foods that are rich in protein, fat, or fiber generally have a low glycemic index. Cooking Method: The way you cook your food can influence its glycemic index. For instance, boiling potatoes increases their glycemic index compared to baking or roasting. Ripeness and Processing: The ripeness of fruits and vegetables can influence their glycemic index. Generally, more ripe or processed foods have a higher glycemic index compared to those that are less ripe or unprocessed. Remember, the glycemic index is not the same as the glycemic load (GL). GL considers not just the type of carbohydrates in the food but also the quantity consumed, offering a more realistic indication of how it may affect blood sugar levels. What is a Low Glycemic Diet? A low glycemic diet involves choosing foods with a low glycemic index over those with a high glycemic index. Following this diet can be particularly beneficial for people with diabetes or those trying to lose weight. Here's why: Improved blood sugar regulation: A low glycemic diet helps regulate blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of sudden spikes and crashes. Increased weight loss: Several studies suggest that sticking to low glycemic foods can support short-term weight loss. Benefits for people with fatty liver disease: A low glycemic diet may reduce liver fat and liver enzyme levels in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Benefits of a Low Glycemic Index Diet Making the switch to a low glycemic diet comes decked with numerous benefits: Better Blood Sugar Control: A low glycemic diet helps maintain balanced blood sugar levels, reducing instances of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Weight Management: This diet promotes satiety, thereby aiding in weight management. Heart Health: Consuming low glycemic foods has been linked to a decreased risk of heart disease. Reduced Insulin Resistance: A low-GI diet may reduce insulin resistance, a crucial factor in developing type II diabetes and PCOS. Improved Digestive Health: Foods with low glycemic index often contain more fibre, promoting better digestive health. Indian Foods with Low Glycemic Index If you're considering a low glycemic diet, here are some Indian foods to include in your regimen: Cereals and Grains: Whole wheat, brown rice, quinoa Fruits: Apples, oranges, peaches Vegetables: Spinach, broccoli, bell peppers Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, kidney beans Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, flax seeds Indian Foods with High Glycemic Index While adopting a low glycemic diet, limit the consumption of Indian foods with a high glycemic index like: White rice Instant oatmeal White bread Cornflakes Potatoes Watermelon Jaggery Pumpkin Indian Foods with Moderate Glycemic Index Certain Indian foods have a moderate glycemic index and can be consumed in moderation: Bananas Pineapples Sweet corn Beets Glycemic Index (GI) Chart Here is a comprehensive glycemic index chart with low, medium, and high glycemic index foods: Low Glycemic Index Foods (GI ≤ 55) Fruits Apple, Grapefruit, Orange, Pear, Peach, Plum, Strawberries Vegetables Broccoli, Carrot, Cauliflower, Eggplant, Lettuce, Spinach, Tomatoes Grains Barley, Bulgur, Steel-cut oats, Quinoa, Brown rice, Whole wheat bread Legumes Lentils, Kidney beans, Chickpeas, Black beans Dairy Milk, Yogurt, Cheese Nuts and Seeds Peanuts, Almonds, Walnuts, Flaxseeds, Chia seeds Medium Glycemic Index Foods (GI 56-69) Fruits Bananas, Raisins, Pineapple, Mango Vegetables Russet potatoes, Sweet potatoes Grains Whole wheat pasta, Basmati rice, Couscous Legume-related foods Hummus High Glycemic Index Foods (GI ≥ 70) Grains White bread, Cornflakes, Rice cakes, Pretzels Sweets Jelly beans, Gummy bears, Candy bars, Cookies, Cakes Snacks Potato chips, French fries, Crackers, Fried Farsans Beverages Packed fruit juices, Soda, Sports drinks FAQs How can I calculate the glycemic index of packaged food? Calculating the glycemic index of packaged foods involves some simple maths. Look at the nutrition facts label on your food package and find out the amount of carbohydrates it contains per serving. Then use the GI value of that specific food (you can find this by searching "glycemic index of [name of food]" online). Now, multiply this GI value by the number of grams of carbohydrate per serving and divide by 100. This will give you an estimate of how much this particular serving will raise your blood sugar compared to eating pure glucose. What are the benefits of having a diet rich in low glycemic index food? Eating foods with a low glycemic index can lead to many health benefits: Improved diabetes control: Low glycemic index foods are broken down more slowly, resulting in a gradual and steady release of glucose into the bloodstream. This can help manage blood glucose levels and prevent spikes. Better weight management: Foods with a low glycemic index tend to keep you feeling full for longer, reducing the chance of overeating and aiding in weight management. Reduced risk of heart disease: A diet rich in low glycemic index foods can help lower cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risk of heart disease. Enhanced physical endurance: Consuming low glycemic index meals a few hours before long-distance running or other endurance events can improving the exercise capacity. How can I include low glycemic index food in my diet? Integrating low glycemic foods into your diet can be relatively straightforward: Choose whole grains: Whole-grain bread, brown rice, and oats have lower glycemic index values compared to their refined counterparts. Include more fruits and vegetables: Most non-starchy vegetables and fruits have a low glycemic index. Opt for legumes: Foods like beans, chickpeas, and lentils have very low GIs. Incorporate lean proteins: Fish, chicken, eggs, and lean meat have minimal effect on blood glucose levels. Conclusion Keep in mind that balance is crucial—it’s not always necessary or feasible to choose only low glycemic index foods. Combining a high GI food with a low GI option can lead to an intermediate GI for that meal. Using a glycemic index chart or the glycemic index food chart can be powerful tools in managing your health, whether for diabetes control, weight management, or overall wellness. Don't hesitate to seek professional advice for specific dietary needs or medical conditions. Metropolis Labs provides a comprehensive health check-ups and at-home blood sample collection services to help you monitor your health effectively. Our expert team of blood collection technicians ensure accurate results processed in our advanced diagnostic labs. For more details or to book an at-home sample collection, visit our website today!

What is Crohn’s Disease? Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the digestive system, especially the small intestine and colon. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects various areas of the digestive system and produces swelling, irritation, and inflammation. What are the Types of Crohn’s Disease? Crohn’s disease can affect different parts of the digestive tract, leading to several distinct types. The most common Crohn's disease types are: Ileocolitis: The most common form, affecting the ileum (last section of the small intestine) and colon (a portion of large intestine) Ileitis: This Crohn's disease type affects only the ileum Gastroduodenal Crohn's Disease: Affects the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum) Jejunoileitis: Characterised by patchy areas of inflammation in the upper half of the small intestine (jejunum) Crohn's Colitis: Affects only the colon, similar to ulcerative colitis How Common is Crohn’s Disease? Crohn’s disease is relatively rare, but its occurrence is rising globally. In India, the disease is less common than in Western countries but is becoming more prevalent due to lifestyle shifts and urbanization. Current estimates indicate that about 1 in 10,000 people in India are affected by Crohn’s disease. Increased awareness and better diagnostic methods are leading to more cases being identified. However, it remains underdiagnosed, particularly in rural areas. What are the Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease? Crohn’s disease symptoms vary widely and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include: Persistent diarrhoea Abdominal pain and cramping Fatigue Weight loss Blood in stool Fever Reduced appetite Mouth sores Since Crohn's disease symptoms overlap with other gastrointestinal conditions, it often requires a thorough evaluation for accurate diagnosis. The intensity of these symptoms can fluctuate, with periods of remission followed by flare-ups. What are the Complications of Crohn’s Disease? If left untreated, Crohn’s disease can lead to complications such as strictures (narrowed sections of the intestines), fistulas (abnormal connections between the intestines and other organs), and abscesses (pockets of infection). Additionally, Crohn’s disease complications may extend beyond the digestive tract, leading to issues such as arthritis, skin conditions, and eye inflammation. Long-term inflammation can also increase the risk of colon cancer, making regular screenings essential for patients. What Causes Crohn’s Disease? The exact causes of Crohn’s disease are not fully understood, but a combination of factors is believed to contribute to the condition. These factors include genetics, immune system malfunctions, and environmental triggers. For instance, if the immune system mistakenly attacks the digestive tract, it can lead to chronic inflammation. Genetics also play a role, as people with a family history of Crohn’s disease are at higher risk. Environmental factors, such as a western diet high in processed foods, may also contribute to the disease's onset. What are the Risk Factors of Crohn’s Disease? Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing Crohn’s disease. Family history is one of the most significant risk factors, with those having a close relative with the disease being more susceptible. Smoking is another critical risk factor, as it not only increases the risk of Crohn's disease but also worsens its severity. Age is also a factor, with most cases being diagnosed before the age of 30. Additionally, residing in urban areas or developed countries may expose individuals to environmental triggers that heighten the risk of developing Crohn’s disease. How is Crohn’s disease diagnosed? Lab Tests When diagnosing Crohn's disease, lab tests are often the first step after observing Crohn's disease symptoms such as persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Blood tests are commonly used to check for anaemia, which can occur due to chronic blood loss, and to assess inflammation levels. Stool tests may also be performed to rule out infections and detect blood or inflammatory markers in the stool. These tests help doctors differentiate Crohn's disease from other conditions and guide the next steps in Crohn's disease treatment. Imaging Procedures Imaging procedures play a crucial role in diagnosing Crohn’s disease by providing visual evidence of inflammation and other abnormalities in the digestive tract. Common imaging techniques include CT scans and MRI scans. CT enterography and MR enterography are specialised versions of these scans that focus on the small intestine, which is where Crohn's disease frequently manifests. These treatments aid in the diagnosis of thickened bowel walls, fistulas, abscesses, and other complications related with the cause of Crohn's disease. Ultrasounds may also be used, especially in children and pregnant women, as a less invasive method. Imaging can distinguish between different Crohn’s disease types by showing the extent and location of inflammation in the intestines, aiding in treatment planning. Endoscopy Endoscopy is crucial in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. This method uses a flexible tube equipped with a camera to provide direct vision of the digestive tract. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy are the two primary forms of endoscopy that are used. A colonoscopy examines the colon and the end of the small intestine, making it highly effective for detecting inflammation, ulcers, and strictures in these areas. Upper endoscopy, on the other hand, explores the oesophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. Both procedures enable the collection of biopsies, which are crucial for diagnosing Crohn’s disease by identifying the specific inflammation patterns typical of the disease. Capsule endoscopy is an alternative way to examine the small intestine, especially when other methods have not provided clear results. In this procedure, the patient swallows a small camera. These endoscopic procedures are crucial for differentiating the symptoms and types of Crohn's disease from other inflammatory bowel diseases, which in developing tailored treatment plans for individuals with Crohn's disease. How is Crohn’s disease treated? Medications Medications are a key element in managing Crohn's disease, primarily targeting inflammation reduction and symptom control. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aminosalicylates, are often used for mild to moderate cases. Corticosteroids, which are stronger anti-inflammatory drugs, are prescribed for more severe flare-ups, but long-term use is avoided due to potential side effects. Immune system suppressors, like azathioprine or biologics such as infliximab, are used to target specific aspects of the immune response that contribute to Crohn's disease causes. Antibiotics may also be used to treat complications like abscesses and fistulas. Nutrition Diet and nutrition play a vital role in managing Crohn's disease, although they are not direct treatments for the condition. A low-residue diet, which reduces fibre intake, is commonly recommended during flare-ups to minimize irritation of the inflamed digestive tract. In cases where malnutrition is a concern, supplements and special diets, such as enteral nutrition (liquid diets), may be prescribed to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Maintaining a balanced diet and avoiding trigger foods can greatly support the treatment of Crohn's disease, although the most effective strategies may vary from one individual to another. Regular consultations with a dietitian can help in creating a tailored nutrition plan that supports overall health and reduces the impact of Crohn's disease causes. Surgery Surgery becomes necessary for Crohn's disease treatment when medications and dietary changes are ineffective or when complications develop. Approximately 70% of individuals with Crohn's disease will ultimately need surgery. Surgical procedures may involve removing a damaged section of the digestive tract, draining abscesses, or repairing fistulas. In some cases, a procedure known as strictureplasty is performed to widen a narrowed area of the intestine without removing any part of it. Surgery can provide significant relief from Crohn's disease symptoms, but it is not a cure, as the disease often recurs in other parts of the digestive system. Post-surgery, medications and lifestyle changes remain essential to prevent relapse. For many patients, surgery can improve their quality of life when combined with ongoing Crohn's disease treatment plans. How can I prevent Crohn’s disease? Preventing Crohn's disease is challenging because its exact causes are still not fully understood. However, certain lifestyle modifications may help reduce the risk of developing the disease or prevent flare-ups for those already diagnosed. Healthy Diet: There's no specific diet to prevent Crohn's disease, maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may support gut health. Avoiding processed foods and excessive fats may also reduce inflammation. Quit Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for Crohn's disease. Quitting can not only lower your risk but also improve outcomes for those already diagnosed. Stress Management: High stress levels can trigger flare-ups. Engaging in stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, and regular exercise can help manage Crohn's disease symptoms. Regular Medical Check-ups: If you have a family history of Crohn’s disease, regular check-ups can help with early detection and management. While these steps may not guarantee prevention, they can play a role in reducing the impact of Crohn's disease causes and improving overall well-being. Is there a cure for Crohn’s disease? There is currently no cure for Crohn's disease. However, treatments like medications, diet changes, and occasionally surgery can help control symptoms, decrease inflammation, and enhance quality of life. What is the outlook for people with Crohn’s disease? The outlook can differ; with appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, many individuals with Crohn's disease can lead healthy lives, although flare-ups and complications may still occur. What is the life expectancy of a person with Crohn’s disease? Most people with Crohn's disease have a normal life expectancy, especially with effective treatment and regular medical care to manage symptoms and complications. How does Crohn’s disease affect pregnancy? Crohn's disease can influence pregnancy, but many women with the condition can still have healthy pregnancies with careful management. Flare-ups are more likely if the disease is active during conception. When to see a doctor? See a doctor if you experience persistent gastrointestinal symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, or blood in the stool, as these may indicate Crohn's disease. Regular check-ups are essential for managing the condition. Conclusion Living with Crohn's disease can be challenging, but with early diagnosis and effective management can help individuals lead fulfilling lives. For accurate testing and diagnosis, trust Metropolis Labs. Offering advanced services, expert consultations, and home sample collections, Metropolis Labs ensures you receive the precise care you need.