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What is the TMT test? The TMT test (Treadmill Test), also known as the TMT test for heart, is a diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the heart's response to stress. The TMT test is primarily conducted to detect coronary artery disease (CAD) and assess cardiac function. During the TMT test, the patient walks on a treadmill at gradually increasing speeds and inclines while their heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are monitored. The TMT test measures the heart's ability to respond to physical exertion, simulating the stress the heart experiences during daily activities. Why is the TMT test needed for the heart? The TMT test for heart is crucial for assessing cardiac health, particularly in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD). By monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG responses during treadmill exercise, TMT test helps identify abnormalities indicative of CAD. TMT test for heart is a non-invasive procedure aids in early detection and accurate evaluation of heart conditions. What are the risk of TMT test? While the TMT test is generally safe, certain risks exist including: chest pain collapsing fainting irregular heart rhythms a heart attack Moreover, there's a slight risk of falls or injuries during treadmill exercise during the TMT test, especially for those with balance issues or mobility limitations. What is the procedure of TMT test? The TMT test procedure is as follows: Preparation: The patient is briefed about the TMT test and asked to avoid eating or drinking caffeinated beverages for a few hours prior to the procedure. Electrode Placement: Electrodes are placed on the patient's chest to monitor their heart's electrical activity via electrocardiogram (ECG). Baseline Measurements: Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG readings are recorded before the treadmill is started for the TMT test. Treadmill Exercise: The patient walks on the treadmill, starting at a slow pace with gradual increases in speed and incline at specified intervals. Monitoring: Throughout the TMT test, the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG are continuously monitored. Symptoms Evaluation: The patient's symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue are closely observed and reported during the TMT test. TMT Test Termination: The TMT test is stopped when the patient reaches their target heart rate, experiences symptoms, or if there are significant abnormalities in the ECG readings. Post-TMT Test Evaluation: After the TMT test, the patient's recovery is monitored, and any abnormal findings are discussed with the healthcare provider for further evaluation and management. After TMT test Following the TMT test, patients are advised to rest briefly to allow their heart rate and blood pressure to return to normal. Any discomfort or symptoms experienced during the TMT test should be reported to the healthcare provider. TMT test results are reviewed, and further recommendations or treatments are discussed accordingly. Results of TMT test Upon completion, TMT test results are analysed for abnormalities in heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG readings during exercise. A positive TMT test result indicates irregularities suggestive of coronary artery disease or other cardiac issues. Conversely, a negative TMT test result suggests normal heart function under stress. However, interpretation considers various factors such as patient history and symptoms. What is the normal range of TMT test? The TMT test normal range involves observing stable heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG responses during exercise. Typically during the TMT test, the heart rate should gradually increase with exercise, and blood pressure should rise modestly. ECG readings should remain within normal limits. These parameters are monitored throughout the TMT test to assess the heart's ability to tolerate physical exertion. Which precautions patients should take before undergoing TMT? Before undergoing TMT test, the following precautions should be taken: Fasting: Avoid eating or drinking caffeinated beverages for a few hours before the TMT test. Medication: Inform healthcare provider about all medications taken. Comfortable Clothing: Wear comfortable attire and appropriate footwear. Rest: Avoid vigorous physical activity on the TMT test day. Positive TMT Test A TMT positive test indicates abnormal responses of the heart to exercise stress. This could manifest as significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or ECG readings during the TMT test. Positive TMT test results are suggestive of underlying cardiac issues such as coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial ischemia, or other heart conditions. Negative TMT Test A TMT test negative means that the heart's response to exercise stress falls within normal parameters. During the TMT test, stable heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG readings are observed, without significant deviations or abnormalities. Negative TMT test results suggest a lower likelihood of underlying coronary artery disease or other cardiac issues. FAQs  How long does the TMT Test take? The TMT test typically lasts between 10 to 15 minutes of exercise on the treadmill, although the entire tmt test procedure, including preparation and recovery, may take around 30 to 45 minutes. Can we eat before the TMT Test? It is advisable to avoid eating or drinking caffeinated beverages for a few hours before the TMT test to ensure accurate monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure during the procedure. What happens if I fail a Stress Test? Failing a stress TMT test may indicate abnormalities in heart function, suggesting potential cardiac issues. Who should not go for a TMT test? Individuals with severe heart conditions, uncontrolled hypertension, recent heart attack, or other serious medical conditions may not be suitable candidates for the TMT test. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider to assess the risks and benefits before undergoing the TMT test. Conclusion The TMT test for heart serves as a valuable tool in assessing cardiac health by evaluating the heart's response to stress. With its ability to detect coronary artery disease and other cardiac issues, timely diagnosis and intervention are facilitated, underscoring the importance of regular cardiac screenings for optimal heart care. Schedule your TMT test now with us at Metropolis labs to ensure early detection of any issues. Your heart deserves the best care. Contact Metropolis Labs today.

What is vitamin K? Vitamin K is a vital fat-soluble micronutrient essential for several physiological processes within the body. Named after the German word 'Koagulation', its initial discovery stemmed from its role in blood clotting, where it facilitates the synthesis of proteins necessary for coagulation. There are two primary forms of Vitamin K: K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone). Vitamin K1 is abundant in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, kale, and broccoli, while vitamin K2 is found in fermented foods like cheese and natto and smaller amounts in animal products. One of the most crucial functions of vitamin K is its involvement in the production of prothrombin, a protein necessary for blood clotting. Without adequate vitamin K, the body's ability to form clots and control bleeding is compromised, leading to potential health risks. Understanding Vitamin K uses and potential benefits underscores its importance for overall health and vitality. Why do people take vitamin K? People take vitamin K for various reasons, including its crucial role in blood clotting regulation, supporting bone health by aiding in bone mineralisation, a process of deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for bone development, and potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases by preventing arterial calcification, that is building up of calcium deposits within the walls of arteries. Additionally, some individuals may choose to supplement with vitamin K for its suggested cognitive benefits and overall support for cellular function and well-being. What does vitamin K do? Vitamin K is integral to numerous physiological processes within the body, including: Gene Regulation: Vitamin K helps modify proteins that form genetic expression, influencing various biological processes like blood clotting, bone metabolism and vascular health. Calcium Regulation: Vitamin K supports the activation of proteins involved in calcium binding and metabolism, essential for proper bone mineralisation, muscle contraction, and nerve function. Energy Metabolism: It participates in the synthesis of certain molecules, like osteocalcin, which are involved in energy production in the cells, contributing to overall metabolic health and vitality. What are the uses of vitamin K? Vitamin K serves several important functions in the body, reflecting its various uses and importance in overall health and well-being. Dental Health: Vitamin K has been suggested to play a role in dental health by promoting tooth mineralisation and supporting gum tissue integrity, potentially reducing the risk of periodontal (teeth and gum-related) disease. Skin Health: Vitamin K is believed to contribute to skin health by promoting wound healing and reducing the appearance of bruises. It is also helpful in clearing dark circles under the eyes. Some skincare products include vitamin K benefits to improve skin tone and texture. Blood Clotting Regulation: Essential for individuals with clotting disorders or undergoing anticoagulant therapy to maintain proper coagulation function. Bone Health Support: This supplement is beneficial for individuals at risk of osteoporosis or with inadequate dietary intake (severely malnourished), aiding in bone mineralisation and density. Researchers are also trying to determine its role and benefits in improving athletic performance and treating breast cancer and diabetes. What are the benefits of Vitamin K? Some of the Vitamin K benefits include: Cognitive Function: Emerging research suggests that vitamin K has potential benefits for brain health and cognitive function, but further research is needed to fully clarify its role. Gastrointestinal Health: Supports gut health and nutrient absorption, promoting overall digestive function and well-being. Cardiovascular Health Support: Helpful in preventing arterial calcification and reducing the risk of heart disease. Hormonal Balance: Vitamin K plays an important role in regulating hormonal balance within the body, influencing processes such as fertility, menstrual regulation, and mood stabilisation. How much vitamin K per day do I need? Vitamin K dosage for adults is typically around 90 micrograms per day for women and 120 micrograms per day for men. Group Adequate Intake Children 0-6 months 2 micrograms/day Children 7-12 months 2.5 micrograms/day Children 1-3 30 micrograms/day Children 4-8 55 micrograms/day Children 9-13 60 micrograms/day Girls 14-18 75 micrograms/day Women 19 and up 90 micrograms/day Women, pregnant or breastfeeding (19-50) 90 micrograms/day Women, pregnant or breastfeeding (under 19) 75 micrograms/day Boys 14-18 75 micrograms/day Men 19 and up 120 micrograms/day It is crucial to adhere to the recommended Vitamin K dosage and consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you are taking medications or have underlying health conditions. What are the risks of taking Vitamin K? While vitamin K is generally considered safe when consumed in appropriate amounts through food sources or supplements, excessive intake can pose risks, albeit rare. Possible risks of taking vitamin K include: Interference with Anticoagulant Medications: High doses of vitamin K can counteract the effects of anticoagulant medications like warfarin, leading to decreased effectiveness and potential blood clotting issues. Allergic Reaction: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to vitamin K supplements, manifesting as itching, rash, or difficulty in breathing. Digestive Issues: High doses of vitamin K may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea. Do I need to take vitamin K supplements? Whether you need to take vitamin K supplements depends on your circumstances and dietary habits. For most healthy individuals with a balanced diet rich in vitamin K sources such as leafy greens, fermented foods, and animal products, supplementation may not be necessary. However, certain populations, such as those with malabsorption disorders, liver disease, or taking long-term antibiotics, may benefit from supplementation. Additionally, individuals taking anticoagulant medications should consult with a healthcare professional before considering vitamin K supplements to avoid interference with the medication's effectiveness. Conclusion In conclusion, vitamin K offers numerous health benefits and its supplementation is not universally necessary. For most individuals, a well-balanced diet, complete with Vitamin K sources, provides adequate intake. The recommended vitamin K dosage may vary depending on various factors; therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine individual needs. Are you unsure about your Vitamin K levels? Get your Vitamin K levels checked with Metropolis Healthcare. Ensure your nutritional needs are met for optimal health. Schedule your appointment today to prioritize your well-being.

What is Agoraphobia? Agoraphobia is a form of anxiety that causes individuals to develop an intense fear of certain situations, like being overwhelmed and not being able to get help or escape. Because of this fear, people who have Agoraphobia may want to avoid unfamiliar situations or new places. Some situations that can cause an attack include: Crowds Large, open spaces or enclosed areas Public transportation Places outside their home How common is Agoraphobia? It is believed that almost a one-third of all people who suffer from panic or anxiety disorders may develop Agoraphobia. What are the types of Agoraphobia? Fear of crowds is just one of the many types of Agoraphobia, but this should not be confused with a dislike for crowds, as an individual who has Agoraphobia may get bouts of extreme anxiety at gatherings like music concerts and may want to search for a way to move away from the crowd. The different types of Agoraphobia include: Paranoid Agoraphobia: This condition is a combination of paranoia and Agoraphobia, where the individual may have false beliefs or heavily concentrate on something untrue (e.g., feeling threatened or endangered), which can put them in danger and a fear of being outside their comfort zone. Claustrophobia: This is the fear of small, confined spaces. Disorganized Agoraphobia: As individuals with Agoraphobia find it challenging to maintain a balance between their mental and physical health, they rely more on visual and tactical senses that can sometimes be distorted and cause them to feel like they are going to fall; for example, feeling disorientated due to wind on a bridge. Catatonic Agoraphobia: This type of Agoraphobia causes an inability to move or speak when placed in situations that cause fear. Enochlophobia: This is a common type of social phobia that includes an irrational fear of large crowds. What are the symptoms of Agoraphobia? Some of the most common agoraphobia symptoms include: Fear of leaving the house for extended periods Fear of losing control in public places Fear of being alone in social situations Fear of being in places that are difficult to escape Anxiousness or agitation Detachment or being estranged from others You can also get a panic attack along with having Agoraphobia, in which case you may experience agoraphobia symptoms such as: Chest pain Dizziness A racing heart Trembling Choking Sweating Hot flashes Chills Shortness of breath Nausea Diarrhoea Tingling sensation and numbness in various parts of the body, including fingers, hands, arms, toes, feet, legs, mouth or stomach What causes Agoraphobia? The exact agoraphobia causes are still unknown. However, researchers believe that having other existing panic disorders like phobias, anxiety disorders, and psychotic disorders can cause intense attacks of fear for no reason. What are the risk factors for Agoraphobia? The research found that women are more likely to develop Agoraphobia, and it is more common among individuals between the ages of 17 to 35 years. Some other common risk factors for developing Agoraphobia include: Having panic attacks Feeling excess fear and apprehension in response to panic attacks Phobias like social phobia and claustrophobia Having anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder A family history of Agoraphobia Experiencing stressful events in life like the death of a loved one, physical or sexual abuse How is Agoraphobia diagnosed? If you have frequent anxiety attacks that interfere with your daily life, you may need to talk to your physician or mental health provider. They may ask you a series of questions like: Are you stressed when thinking about leaving the house? Do you have any places or situations you are afraid of and tend to avoid? What is the cause of this fear? Do you often rely on someone else to do errands like shopping? Based on your replies to these questions, as well as the agoraphobia symptoms you may be experiencing, your doctor may give you an agoraphobia diagnosis. At this point, being open and honest with your doctor about what you are experiencing is essential. To receive an agoraphobia diagnosis, a person must have experienced extreme fear or panic in two or more of the following situations: Being in an open space Using public transport Standing in a line Being in a crowd Being in an enclosed space like a meeting room, movie theatre, or small store How is Agoraphobia treated? Your Agoraphobia treatment may include either one or a combination of the following: Psychotherapy In this kind of Agoraphobia treatment, a therapist may help you work through your fears. They may use cognitive behavioural therapy to help you understand your concerns and the cause of your anxiety. This is one of the most commonly used agoraphobia therapies that teaches you ways to react more productively to your surroundings. You can also use different kinds of relaxation and desensitization techniques where your healthcare provider will make you imagine a scary situation and motivate you to manage your feelings better before actually taking part in an activity that previously caused anxiety. Medications Another common form of agoraphobia treatment is using medication like serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors to treat depression and different types of anxiety disorders. Lifestyle changes Making a few simple changes in your lifestyle also helps manage Agoraphobia more effectively. This includes: Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet Practicing breathing exercises Exercising regularly Avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and other addictive substances What Is the outlook for people with Agoraphobia? While it is not always possible to prevent cases of Agoraphobia, if you get treatment in the early stages of the condition, you have a good chance of getting better. It was found agoraphobia treatment at an early stage is usually quicker and easier, so do not hesitate to get help at the earliest. Conclusion Agoraphobia sometimes makes you feel isolated and afraid; however, timely treatment can help you effectively manage agoraphobia symptoms. If you think you have Agoraphobia or any anxiety disorder, it is best to contact your healthcare professional immediately. Regular check-ups and diagnostic tests are essential steps to living a healthy lifestyle. Metropolis Labs helps you get safe and reliable diagnostic tests in the comfort of your home.

What is amenorrhea? Amenorrhea is a condition where you do not experience menstrual bleeding for some time, it can be defined as missing one or more menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea can affect your fertility and bone density. This does not mean that the individual is infertile; it is just an indication of a health issue. What are the types of amenorrhea? There are two types of amenorrhea: Primary amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea is when you haven't got your period by the time you turn 16 or within 5 years of reaching puberty (developing breasts). Primary amenorrhea usually occurs due to genetic disorders or acquired abnormalities. Secondary amenorrhea In secondary amenorrhea type you suddenly stop getting your period for over three months after getting them regularly. Some of the common reasons for secondary amenorrhea include: lactation pregnancy menopause stress chronic illnesses How common is amenorrhea? It was found that at least one in four women who are not pregnant, lactating, or experiencing menopause may get amenorrhea. What are the symptoms of amenorrhea? Missing of period cycles is one of the main amenorrhea symptoms. Some of the other amenorrhea symptoms may occur at various times depending on the cause of your amenorrhea. These symptoms include: Hot flashes Nipples leaking milk Headaches Vision changes Acne Vaginal dryness Excess hair growth on your face and body Changes in vision How do you get amenorrhea? Different types of amenorrhea usually have different causes. Some are natural that are not cause for concern while others can be signs of medical conditions. Natural amenorrhea causes include: Breastfeeding Pregnancy Menopause Having uterus or ovaries removal surgeries Common causes of primary amenorrhea An amenorrhea type occurs when a woman does not have a period between the ages of 15 or 26. The primary amenorrhea causes are: Genetic/chromosomal issues such as Turner's syndrome that affect your reproductive system. Hormonal issues that could indicate an issue with your brain or pituitary gland Structural or developmental problems with the reproductive organs, like an underdeveloped reproductive system, missing parts of your vagina or uterus Common causes of secondary amenorrhea Secondary amenorrhea causes include: Birth control methods including intrauterine devices or some birth control pills Radiation or chemotherapy Uterine surgery that may have caused scarring Stress Poor nutrition Changes in weight (extreme loss or gain) Certain medication Extreme exercise routines Certain medical conditions also cause secondary amenorrhea, which includes: Primary ovarian insufficiency causing the ovaries to stop working before the age of 40 Pituitary disorders like benign pituitary tumors or extra prolactin production Hypothalamic amenorrhea that causes amenorrhea because of issues with the hypothalamus Hormonal imbalances caused due to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, and adrenal disorders Ovarian tumors Ongoing chronic illnesses (eg., inflammatory bowel disease or kidney disease) Obesity What are risk factors for amenorrhea? Most common risk factors for amenorrhea include: Chromosomal or genetic conditions that affect the ovaries or uterus Family history of early menopause or amenorrhea Obesity or being underweight Over-exercising Eating disorders Stress Chronis illness What are the complications of amenorrhea? Amenorrhea, primary or secondary, by itself isn't life threatening. However, some amenorrhea causes can result in long term complications like: Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant Osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease Pain in the pelvic region How is amenorrhea diagnosed? If you miss your period for three months or more or if you have not yet received your period by the age of 15 it is best to consult your healthcare provider to know the possible causes. They will take into account your physical symptoms and medical history as well as your menstrual history and consider the possibility of amenorrhea in pregnancy. Your healthcare provider or gynaecologist can also perform a physical and pelvic exam. What are the test for amenorrhea? Your healthcare provider may suggest the following tests to find out the reason for your amenorrhea: Pregnancy test Blood test to check hormone levels that may indicate adrenal or thyroid gland disorders Genetic testing for those with primary ovarian insufficiency MRI to check for issues with your pituitary gland Ultrasounds that help identify structural issued with the ovaries or your uterus How is amenorrhea treated? Natural causes of amenorrhea such as menopause, pregnancy, or lactation do not need amenorrhea treatment. For other issue related to the treatment of amenorrhea will depend on the cause of the condition, like: Maintaining a healthy weight with a healthy diet and exercise plan Using stress management techniques like meditation Changing your levels of exercise Use of hormonal medication and other treatment as suggested by your healthcare provider In rare cases surgery You may also need to undergo treatment for the side effects of amenorrhea such as: Calcium and vitamin D supplements that help with bone strength Strength training to improve muscles Estrogen therapy for hot flashes or vaginal dryness How long does amenorrhea last? Amenorrhea is a highly treatable condition and with the correct treatment your periods may start to happen regularly or it could take a couple of months for your periods to get back to normal but in most cases it regularises. However, it is important that you should consult your healthcare provider as soon as you start experiencing amenorrhea symptoms. How can I prevent amenorrhea? Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and overall health can help prevent most cases of secondary amenorrhea. Here are a few things you can do: Follow a healthy diet and exercise plan Keep track of your menstrual cycle so you know when you miss a period Visit your gynecologist regularly Get regular and adequate sleep Conclusion If you are over 15 years old and have not had a period yet, or if you used to have regular periods but they suddenly stopped, it is recommended that you see a doctor to find out the cause. Amenorrhea is a common and treatable condition and can even be prevented by living a healthy lifestyle. Getting regular health check-ups and keeping track of your hormones with blood tests helps you identify any potential problems before the symptoms appear, increasing a chance of quick and easy recovery. Metropolis Labs is a renowned provider of diagnostics services and also offer home sample collection. Book your test today with us.

Canker sores in mouth are small, painful ulcers that can make eating, drinking, and even speaking difficult. But what causes them? And what can you do to find relief? In this guide, we'll discuss the causes and symptoms of canker sores, shedding light on why they occur and how they manifest. More importantly, we'll explore a range of effective home remedies you can use to ease the pain and accelerate healing. Read on to know more! What are canker sores? Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful lesions that develop inside your mouth. These shallow sores typically appear on the soft tissues of your inner cheeks, lips, tongue, or the base of your gums. Canker sores are often round or oval-shaped with a whitish or yellowish centre and a red border. Who gets canker sores? Canker sores can affect anyone, but people who have allergies are more prone to developing them than others. If you find yourself frequently dealing with these painful ulcers, you're not alone. They're a common oral health issue, with about 20% of the population experiencing them at some point. While canker sores can occur at any age, they often first appear in adolescence and tend to decrease in frequency with age. What are the symptoms of canker sores? Common canker sore symptoms are as follows: A canker sore on tongue might start with a tingling or burning sensation, signalling the arrival of the sore. You'll notice a small, round or oval sore inside your mouth, typically on the inner cheeks, lips, tongue, or gums. As it progresses, the canker sore becomes more noticeable, developing a white or yellowish centre surrounded by a red border. Eating, drinking, and talking can become painful and challenging due to the sore's presence. You might also experience a raw or rough feeling in the mouth, along with swelling or inflammation around the canker sore. Sometimes, you might feel tired or generally unwell, although these systemic symptoms are less common. What causes canker sores? There are several canker sore causes that you should know about: You may inherit a predisposition to developing canker sores, as they often run in families. Accidental biting of the inner cheek, tongue, or lip, or irritation from dental appliances like braces, can trigger the formation of canker sores. Your immune system might mistakenly attack healthy cells in the oral mucous membrane, causing a canker sore on lip or tongue. High levels of stress or anxiety can weaken your immune system, making you more susceptible to canker sores. Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can increase the likelihood of canker sore outbreaks. Certain foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits, spicy foods, and acidic drinks, can irritate the lining of your mouth and trigger canker sores. A lack of essential nutrients like vitamin B12, zinc, folate, or iron in your diet can contribute to canker sore development. How are canker sores diagnosed? Here's a breakdown of how canker sores are diagnosed: Your healthcare provider will visually inspect the inside of your mouth to look for characteristic canker sore symptoms. They will also examine the size, shape, and location of the sores. Your doctor may ask about your medical history, including any previous occurrences of canker sores, family history of oral ulcers or any disease that you may have had. Your healthcare provider may rule out other possible causes of oral ulcers, such as cold sores (caused by the herpes simplex virus), oral thrush (a fungal infection), or oral cancer. In rare cases where the diagnosis is uncertain or if the canker sores are unusually large or persistent, a small tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken for further examination under a microscope. In some instances, blood tests or other laboratory tests may be suggested to check for underlying medical conditions, such as vitamin deficiency, ulcerative colitis, AIDS, etc., that could be contributing to canker sore development. How do you heal a canker sore fast? Common canker sore treatment methods include: Mix salt in warm water and rinse your mouth several times a day to reduce inflammation and promote healing. To numb pain and speed up healing, apply over-the-counter topical ointments or gels containing ingredients like benzocaine or hydrogen peroxide directly to the sore. Drink plenty of water to keep your mouth moist and aid in healing. Brush gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush and avoid irritating the sore for quick canker sore treatment and healing. How long do canker sores last? Canker sores typically last between 7 to 10 days, although larger or more severe canker sores may take up to two weeks to heal. Can I prevent canker sores? Yes. You can easily prevent canker sores by practising the following habits: Brush gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush and floss regularly to prevent irritation. Opt for toothpaste and mouthwash that are free of harsh chemicals and abrasives, which can irritate oral tissues. Steer clear of spicy, acidic, or rough foods that can trigger canker sores. Practice meditation or yoga to minimize stress-induced canker sores. Drink plenty of water to maintain your oral health. Ensure you're getting enough essential nutrients like vitamin B12, zinc, and iron to support oral health. What can I expect if I have a canker sore?  You may wake up to soreness due to the canker sores and find it challenging to enjoy sour and spicy meals. Throughout the day, you have to apply home remedies. While canker sores are not contagious, they can recur and vary in frequency and severity from person to person. What questions should I ask my doctor related to canker sore? You can ask your doctor the following questions related to canker sores: What could be causing my canker sores? What treatment options are available for managing canker sores? Are there any preventive measures I can take to reduce the frequency of outbreaks? How can I effectively manage the pain and discomfort associated with canker sores? Conclusion In a nutshell, managing canker sores involves understanding their triggers, symptoms, and treatment options. By practising good oral hygiene, avoiding irritants, and managing stress, you can minimize outbreaks. Remember to consult a primary care doctor, a dentist, or dermatologist for personalized advice and treatment if needed. With proactive care, relief is attainable. If you are experiencing symptoms of canker sores and worried about any underlying medical problem that might be causing it, get yourself tested at Metropolis Healthcare for prompt and accurate diagnosis with no hidden charges. Metropolis Healthcare is the national frontrunner in pathology services with the sole aim of helping you know your health inside out. So do not wait; book a test today!

What is atelectasis? Atelectasis is a lung condition characterised by the collapse of part or all of a lung. It occurs when the airways or air sacs in the lungs fail to fully expand or collapse. This collapse can be partial or complete and is typically caused by blockage of the air passages or pressure on the lung. Who is at risk for atelectasis? Several factors increase the risk of developing atelectasis: Surgery, particularly abdominal or thoracic surgery, can lead to atelectasis due to anaesthesia, muscle relaxants, and postoperative pain. Conditions that limit mobility, such as prolonged bed rest, increase the risk, as changing positions helps prevent atelectasis. Lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or those causing scarring can impair lung function, contributing to atelectasis. Smoking and advanced age are additional risk factors for atelectasis. What are the types of atelectasis? There are two main atelectasis types: Obstructive (Resorptive) Atelectasis: This type occurs when there is a blockage in the airways, preventing air from reaching the lung tissue beyond the obstruction. It's also referred to as the resorptive atelectasis type because it often involves the absorption of trapped air from the alveoli, leading to lung collapse. Nonobstructive Atelectasis: Nonobstructive atelectasis encompasses several mechanisms that result in lung collapse without an airway blockage. This includes relaxation, compressive, adhesive, cicatrisation, and replacement atelectasis, which may occur due to factors such as reduced lung expansion, external pressure on the lung, or tissue scarring. What are the symptoms of atelectasis? Atelectasis symptoms may present in different manners, including: Breathing Difficulty: Patients with atelectasis often experience difficulty breathing, which can range from mild to severe. Chest Pain: Pleuritic chest pain, characterised by sharp pain that worsens with breathing, coughing, or sneezing, can occur in some cases. Cough: A persistent cough may develop, which can be dry or produce minimal amounts of sputum. The feeling of Inadequate Air: Patients with atelectasis may feel like they cannot get enough air, contributing to a sensation of breathlessness. Hypoxemia: In some cases, atelectasis can lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood, resulting in atelectasis symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, and bluish discolouration of the lips and skin. What are the causes of atelectasis? Atelectasis causes can be triggered by various factors, including: Blockage of Airway: A blocked airway, such as a tumour, deformed bone, tight brace, body cast, or fluid or air accumulation between the lung and chest wall, can lead to atelectasis. Pressure Outside the Lung: External pressure on the lung, which can result from conditions like pleural effusion or pneumothorax, can cause lung collapse or atelectasis. Low Airflow: Conditions reducing airflows, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchial tumours, or foreign objects in the airway (common in children), can contribute to atelectasis. Scarring: Lung scarring from infections, such as tuberculosis, or exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke, can lead to atelectasis. Surgery: Surgical procedures, especially those involving the chest or abdomen, can cause atelectasis due to anaesthesia, reduced mobility post-surgery, and impaired lung expansion. Long-term Lung Infections: Chronic lung infections, such as tuberculosis, can result in atelectasis. How is atelectasis diagnosed? Atelectasis can be diagnosed through various methods, including: Physical Examination: Healthcare providers may conduct a physical exam by auscultating (listening) or percussing (tapping) the chest to identify signs of lung collapse. Chest X-ray: Chest X-rays are commonly used as the initial diagnostic tool for atelectasis. They can provide images of the lungs to detect areas of collapsed lung tissue. Bronchoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the airways to visualise the lungs and identify any blockages or abnormalities. Chest CT or MRI Scan: These imaging tests may be used to obtain detailed images of the chest and lungs, providing more information than a standard X-ray for atelectasis. Ultrasound of the Chest: Ultrasound imaging can help evaluate the lungs and surrounding structures for any abnormalities or fluid accumulation. How is atelectasis treated? Atelectasis treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common treatment approaches include: Bronchoscopy: If a tumour or foreign object is causing atelectasis, a bronchoscopy may be performed to remove or address the obstruction. Chest Physiotherapy: This includes techniques such as postural drainage, percussion, and vibration to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways, promoting lung expansion. Incentive Spirometry: This device encourages deep breathing and helps to expand the lungs, particularly after atelectasis surgery. Respiratory Therapy: Inhalation treatments with bronchodilators or mucolytic agents may be used to open the airways and reduce mucus viscosity. Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen atelectasis therapies may be administered to improve oxygen levels in the blood and support lung function. Surgery: In severe cases or when other atelectasis treatments are ineffective, surgical interventions such as lung resection or pleural procedures may be necessary. How can I reduce my risk of atelectasis? To reduce the risk of atelectasis, consider the following preventive measures: Early Mobility: After surgery, aim to get up and walk around as soon as possible to promote lung expansion and prevent complications. Breathing Exercises: Perform deep-breathing exercises and use an incentive spirometer regularly, especially after surgery, to maintain lung function and prevent lung collapse or atelectasis. Proper Positioning: Maintain proper body positioning, especially in bedridden patients, to optimise lung expansion and prevent areas of collapse. Avoiding Smoking: If you smoke, quitting smoking can improve lung health and reduce the risk of respiratory complications like atelectasis. Managing Lung Conditions: Properly manage chronic lung conditions such as bronchitis or asthma to prevent exacerbations that could lead to atelectasis. Ventilatory Strategies: During procedures like bronchoscopy, consider using ventilatory strategies to minimise the risk of atelectasis. Is atelectasis serious? Atelectasis is usually not life-threatening in an adult for small areas of the lung. However, large areas of atelectasis can be life-threatening, especially in babies, small children, or people with other lung diseases. Atelectasis can range from mild to severe, and its seriousness depends on several factors: The extent of Collapse: The severity of atelectasis varies based on the extent of lung collapse. Small areas may cause minor atelectasis symptoms, while extensive collapse, especially involving an entire lung, can lead to significant breathing difficulties. Underlying Conditions: Atelectasis can occur as a complication of other respiratory problems or surgeries. In some cases, it may indicate an underlying lung condition or disease. Risk of Complications: Severe cases of atelectasis can lead to respiratory failure, which is life-threatening, especially in vulnerable populations such as small children or individuals with pre existing lung issues. What is the outlook for atelectasis? The outlook for atelectasis depends on its severity, underlying atelectasis causes, and promptness of treatment. Mild cases often resolve without complications, especially with appropriate management. However, severe or untreated atelectasis can lead to respiratory distress and complications, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Overall, the prognosis of recovery is generally good with timely diagnosis and intervention, but it may vary based on individual circumstances and associated health conditions. Conclusion Atelectasis, a condition involving the partial or complete collapse of lung tissue, requires prompt attention for effective management. While mild cases may resolve on their own, severe atelectasis can lead to serious respiratory complications. Early recognition of symptoms and seeking medical assistance are crucial to prevent further issues. Fortunately, with timely intervention and proper care, the prognosis for atelectasis is generally positive. Metropolis Healthcare is a trusted chain of diagnostic labs across India. We provide accurate blood testing and health check-up services, including convenient at-home blood sample collections.

Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide, affecting millions each year. In this comprehensive guide, we discuss the important details of coronary artery disease, exploring its origins, risk factors, treatment, and preventive strategies. Continue reading to learn more. What is coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque( fatty deposits ). This restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain and heart attacks. What are the types of coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease types are broadly classified as chronic (gradual) and acute (sudden). Normally, it is classified as: Atherosclerosis: It is caused by the build-up of plaque in your arteries. Coronary Artery Spasm: This occurs when your coronary arteries constrict suddenly, reducing blood flow. Coronary Microvascular Disease: Affects the smaller arteries of your heart, impairing blood flow despite clear larger arteries. Coronary Embolism: Caused by a blood clot that travels through your bloodstream and blocks a coronary artery. How common is coronary artery disease? Approximately 200 million people are believed to be affected by coronary artery disease. It ranks as the third most common cause of death globally and is linked to 17.8 million deaths each year. What are the symptoms of coronary artery disease? Common Coronary artery disease symptoms may include: Chest Pain (Angina) Shortness of breath Fatigue Sweating, nausea, vomiting and dizziness during a heart attack You may also experience irregular heartbeats and even fainting spells. Note that coronary artery disease symptoms may vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. What causes coronary artery disease? Atherosclerosis is one of the primary coronary artery disease causes. It is a gradual process that begins with damage to the inner lining of your arteries, often caused by factors like high blood pressure, smoking, etc. When the inner lining is damaged, substances like cholesterol, fat, and calcium start to accumulate at the site of injury. Over time, these substances form a plaque, which hardens and narrows the artery, reducing blood flow to your heart. As the plaque grows, it can eventually rupture, triggering a blood clot to form. If the clot blocks the artery completely, it can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Moreover, high LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) levels contribute to plaque build-up in your arteries, one of the other key to coronary artery disease causes. What are the risk factors for coronary artery disease? Here's a breakdown of the common risk factors associated with coronary artery disease: High blood pressure Tobacco smoke Uncontrolled diabetes Being overweight or physically inactive Diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium A family history of coronary artery disease Chronic stress What are the complications of coronary artery disease? Potential complications of coronary artery disease may include: Heart Attack Angina Heart Failure Arrhythmias (Irregular heartbeats) Sudden Cardiac Arrest Stroke How is coronary artery disease diagnosed? Coronary artery disease diagnosis typically involves a thorough physical examination, imaging tests and blood tests to evaluate the heart's function and blood flow and detect any blockages in the arteries. What tests are done to diagnose coronary artery disease? Given below are common coronary artery disease diagnosis tests: Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): This non-invasive test records your heart's electrical activity to detect abnormal heart rhythms or signs of a previous heart attack. Stress Test: This test monitors your heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG changes during physical activity to reveal signs of reduced blood flow to the heart. Coronary Angiography: It provides detailed images of blockages or narrowed areas in your arteries. Cardiac CT Scan: This imaging test uses X-rays to detect calcium deposits in your coronary arteries, indicating plaque build-up. Blood Tests: These tests measure cholesterol levels, cardiac enzymes, and markers of inflammation, providing important clues about heart health and potential coronary artery disease risk. How is coronary artery disease treated? Coronary artery disease treatment depends on the severity of the condition. The most common coronary artery disease treatment methods include: Medications: Your doctor may prescribe medications such as statins, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or antiplatelet drugs to manage coronary artery disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes. Angioplasty and Stenting: In this method, a catheter with a balloon at its tip is inserted into your blocked artery. The balloon is inflated to compress the plaque, and a stent (a small mesh tube) is placed to keep the artery open. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG): This procedure, recommended in severe cases, involves rerouting blood flow around blocked arteries using blood vessels from other parts of the body. Cardiac Rehabilitation: After treatment, participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program can help you recover faster and improve heart health through exercise, education, and support. What are the complications/side effects of the treatment? Side effects of coronary artery disease treatment may include: Muscle pain Cough Bleeding, blood clots, or artery damage. Infection Stroke (in rare cases) Can coronary artery disease be prevented? Yes, coronary artery disease prevention can be achieved through lifestyle changes and proactive management of risk factors. You can reduce your risk by adopting a healthy diet, staying physically active, avoiding tobacco and smoking, managing stress, and regularly monitoring your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. What is the outlook for coronary artery disease? The likelihood of surviving coronary artery disease hinges on several factors, such as the condition's severity and the effectiveness of its treatment. Yet, with early detection of coronary artery disease symptoms and appropriate medical care, most individuals with the condition can lead a fulfilling and long life. Conclusion In conclusion, coronary artery disease poses significant health risks but can be managed and even prevented with lifestyle changes and medical interventions. By understanding it, you can take control of your heart's health and lead a healthy life. Did you know that a simple blood test can detect coronary artery disease early and prevent complications in the majority of cases? Book a blood test with Metropolis Labs for top-notch diagnostic services, fast and accurate reports and at-home testing facilities with no hidden charges!