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Epistaxis, or Nosebleeds, are a common occurrence that can be distressing and inconvenient for individuals affected. While they are generally not life-threatening, understanding the causes behind epistaxis plays a crucial role in managing and preventing their occurrence.  Causes of epistaxis There are several reasons for nose bleeds. Some of them are discussed below. Environmental Factors Environmental factors are frequently associated with epistaxis and can include: Dry Air: Exposure to excessively dry air can lead to the drying out of nasal membranes, making them more prone to bleeding. This is particularly evident in arid climates or during colder seasons when indoor heating systems reduce humidity levels.  Extreme Temperatures: Exposure to extreme temperatures, such as very cold or hot weather, can cause blood vessels in the nasal passages to constrict or expand rapidly. These changes can lead to minor bleeding in some individuals. Trauma and Injury: Physical trauma and injury are often cited as major nose bleeding causes. Some key factors include:Nose Picking: Engaging in the habit of picking or blowing the nose forcefully can irritate the nasal lining, leading to the development of small tears in the blood vessels. These tears may cause localized bleeding, resulting in a nosebleed. Facial Injuries: A direct hit to the face, such as through sports-related incidents, accidents, or assaults, can cause nasal bones to fracture or cause damage to the soft tissues, resulting in epistaxis. Medical Conditions: Certain underlying medical conditions can predispose individuals to epistaxis, and these include:Nasal Infections: Infections affecting the nasal passages, such as sinusitis or rhinitis, can lead to inflammation and irritation of the nasal lining. This inflammation weakens blood vessel walls, making them more susceptible to bleeding. Allergic Rhinitis:  Individuals with allergies, particularly allergic rhinitis, commonly experience nasal congestion and persistent sneezing. The constant rubbing of the nose due to allergies may cause blood vessels to rupture and trigger epistaxis. Medications and Medical Treatments: Certain medications and medical treatments can also contribute to the occurrence of epistaxis:Anticoagulant Medications: Individuals taking anticoagulant medications to prevent blood clotting may be more prone to epistaxis, as these medications can interfere with the blood's ability to clot efficiently. Nasal Medications: Nasal sprays used to treat conditions like nasal congestion, allergies, or sinusitis may contain vasoconstrictors, which temporarily narrow the blood vessels. Long-term and excessive use of these medications can irritate the nasal lining and increase the risk of epistaxis. Prevention of epistaxis Before delving into preventative measures, it is crucial to comprehend the different causes of epistaxis. The most common causes include dry air, nasal trauma, sinus infections, allergies, and high blood pressure. Consequently, preventing epistaxis revolves around mitigating these contributing factors. Maintaining Moisture: One primary preventive measure is to maintain optimal nasal moisture. Dry air, especially in arid climates or heated environments, can cause nasal passages to become dry and prone to bleeding. To mitigate this, individuals should consider using a humidifier to add moisture to the air. Additionally, utilizing saline nasal sprays or applying petroleum jelly inside the nostrils can help retain moisture, minimizing the chances of epistaxis. Nasal Irritation and Trauma Prevention: Preventing epistaxis also involves avoiding nasal irritation and trauma. Individuals should refrain from picking their nose, as this can cause small injuries to the nasal lining, resulting in bleeding. Moreover, regularly trimming nails can decrease the likelihood of unintentional injuries. When participating in activities that may pose a risk to the nose, such as contact sports, using appropriate protective gear, such as a helmet or face mask, is crucial. Maintaining Blood Pressure: Bleeding from the nose can also be caused by high blood pressure. Maintaining proper blood pressure levels might be very important in preventing epistaxis. This may be accomplished by adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, cutting back on salt intake, and stress management. Treatment of epistaxis Self-care Measures In milder cases of epistaxis, self-care measures can often alleviate symptoms and promote healing. These measures include: Pinching the Nose: Gently pinching the soft part of the nose, just below the bridge, can help stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the blood vessels. Tilting Forward: Leaning forward slightly while pinching the nose can prevent blood from flowing into the throat and causing irritation or nausea. Moisturizing the Nasal Passages Dry air can contribute to epistaxis by causing the nasal membranes to become dry and easily irritated. Maintaining an optimal humidity level at home, using a humidifier, and applying a saline nasal spray can help keep the nasal passages moist, reducing the likelihood of epistaxis. Nasal Packing  For recurrent or severe epistaxis, nasal packing may be required. This involves placing an absorbent material, such as gauze or a specialized nasal packing device, into the nasal cavity to apply direct pressure to the bleeding vessels and promote clot formation. Nasal packing should be performed by a healthcare professional.  Medications  Sometimes, doctors will prescribe medications to treat epistaxis. These include nasal antihistamines for people with underlying allergies or topical corticosteroids to lessen inflammation and crusting. But because they might have adverse effects, drugs should only be used under the supervision of a medical practitioner. Book Blood Test Conclusion While self-care measures are often effective for mild epistaxis, persistent or severe cases may require medical attention. It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate treatment option based on the severity, frequency, and underlying cause of the epistaxis. If you experience frequent epistaxis and are looking to get to the root cause of the problem, then visiting Metropolis Healthcare could be the right choice for you. Metropolis Healthcare Centre is a diagnostic centre that provides a comprehensive range of diagnostic tests to help identify any underlying medical conditions that could be causing epistaxis.

Menstruation, a natural bodily process exclusive to women, plays a pivotal role in reproductive health. However, there are instances when this biological rhythm deviates from regularity, leading to irregular menstruation. This blog post discusses irregular menstruation, the common factors that can contribute to it, treatment options, and its impacts on pregnancy. Defining Irregular Menstruation Irregular menstruation refers to any deviations from a woman's typical menstrual pattern, such as changes in cycle length, duration or blood flow. Instead of the usual 28-day average cycle, some individuals may experience menstrual cycles occurring more frequently (polymenorrhea) or less frequently (oligomenorrhea). Similarly, variations in the amount of menstrual bleeding (hypomenorrhea and hypermenorrhea) may also be observed. Irregular menstruation encompasses a wide range of menstruation-related abnormalities, and its aetiology is often multifactorial. Factors Contributing to Irregular Menstruation There are several factors that can contribute to irregular menstruation. Some of the most common factors contributing to irregular menstruation are listed below. Hormonal Imbalances Disruptions in hormonal regulation can disturb the delicate interplay of hormones responsible for menstruation. Fluctuations in oestrogen, progesterone, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels can potentially impact the menstrual cycle. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid disorders have been linked to hormonal imbalances leading to irregular menstruation. Lifestyle Factors Certain lifestyle factors, including stress, excessive exercise, poor nutrition and abrupt weight changes, can profoundly influence menstrual regularity. Stress triggers the release of stress hormones, which can alter the normal hormonal balance. Similarly, excessive exercise or sudden weight loss may disrupt the body's hormonal equilibrium, potentially leading to irregular menstruation. Reproductive System Disorders Various reproductive system disorders can contribute to irregular menstruation, such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease. These conditions may cause abnormal growths, inflammation or scarring within the reproductive system, thereby disrupting the menstrual cycle. Medications and Contraceptives Certain medications or contraceptives can also affect menstrual regularity. Some hormonal contraceptives, such as oral contraceptive pills or intrauterine devices (IUDs), may cause changes in bleeding patterns. Similarly, certain medications used to manage other health conditions, including anticoagulants or antidepressants, have been associated with irregular menstruation as a side effect. Treatment Options for Irregular Menstruation There exist several treatment options for irregular menstruation, and the right treatment can be determined by an experienced medical professional. Some of the most popular treatment options for irregular menstruation are listed below. Lifestyle Modifications One of the first avenues to consider when addressing irregular menstruation is implementing certain lifestyle modifications. These adjustments often serve as a foundation for managing menstrual irregularities effectively. Maintaining a healthy body weight through exercise and a balanced diet can significantly influence menstrual regularity. Avoiding excessive stress, maintaining adequate sleep and managing one's mental well-being are also vital aspects to consider, as stress and emotional imbalance can impact the menstrual cycle. Alternative Therapies Many women turn to alternative therapies to complement conventional treatment or as standalone options for managing irregular menstruation. Techniques such as acupuncture, herbal medicine and yoga have gained popularity due to their potential to improve menstrual regularity. Acupuncture, for instance, involves the placement of fine needles at specific points on the body to restore balance and promote overall well-being. Medical Interventions When lifestyle modifications and alternative therapies may not fully address the underlying causes of irregular menstruation, medical interventions come into focus. Consulting a healthcare professional, such as a gynaecologist, is crucial at this stage to determine the most appropriate course of action. Several medical options exist depending on the specific aetiology of irregular menstruation. Hormonal Medications To regulate menstrual cycles, doctors may prescribe hormonal medications. Oral contraceptives, for example, contain synthetic hormones that help to regulate hormonal imbalances, thus promoting regular menstruation. Additionally, progestogens, a class of hormones, can be prescribed in various formulations, including tablets, injections and intrauterine devices, to stabilise the endometrium and restore regular bleeding patterns. Surgical Interventions In some cases, underlying structural issues or abnormalities may necessitate surgical interventions. Procedures like hysteroscopy or laparoscopy can identify and correct conditions such as polyps, fibroids or endometriosis, which can contribute to irregular menstruation. Surgical interventions should be considered in consultation with a specialist and in cases where conservative measures have proven ineffective. Impact on Pregnancy Irregular menstruation can have an impact on pregnancy. Listed below are some of the ways in which irregular menstruation can affect pregnancy. Challenges of Conception One noteworthy aspect of irregular menstruation is its potential impact on a woman's ability to conceive. The irregularity of the menstrual cycle can make it difficult for women to accurately predict ovulation, which is a crucial factor in achieving pregnancy. Irregular ovulation patterns can lead to unpredictable fertile windows and, consequently, decrease the chances of conception. Therefore, irregular menstruation can pose a significant challenge for couples trying to conceive. Increased Risk of Miscarriage Studies have suggested an association between irregular menstruation and an increased risk of miscarriage. The link between these two factors is not yet fully understood, but hormonal irregularities and poor endometrial development may play a role. Irregular menstruation may signify abnormal hormonal fluctuations, which could affect the implantation and development of a fertilised egg. Consequently, women with irregular periods may have a higher risk of pregnancy loss compared with women with regular menstrual cycles. Complications During Pregnancy Irregular menstruation may also contribute to various complications during pregnancy. One potential concern is the increased likelihood of preterm labour. Hormonal imbalances associated with irregular cycles may affect the timing and coordination of uterine contractions, which could lead to premature birth. Additionally, irregular menstruation may be linked to a higher incidence of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and foetal growth restriction. These complications can negatively impact both the mother and the developing foetus. Effects on Postpartum Health Irregular menstruation can impact a woman's health during the postpartum period. Studies have suggested that women with a history of irregular periods may have an increased risk of postpartum depression. Hormonal fluctuations, which are often present in irregular menstrual cycles, may contribute to mood disturbances and affect the emotional well-being of new mothers. In Summary Irregular menstruation encompasses a wide range of abnormalities in menstrual cycles, affecting countless women worldwide. Understanding the potential causes of irregular periods, implementing appropriate treatment strategies and recognising their impact on pregnancy and fertility are crucial aspects of providing comprehensive healthcare to women.  If you want to get any condition related to irregular menstruation diagnosed, look no further than Metropolis Healthcare. Metropolis Healthcare Centre is one of the most trusted diagnostic centres in India. The centre has a well-trained team of medical professionals who provide accurate and reliable results. The staff is committed to providing the highest quality of care and service to its patients. Metropolis Healthcare is equipped with the latest machines and equipment to ensure that all tests are carried out in the most accurate manner.  Book Blood Test at Home Final Takeaway Hormonal imbalances, lifestyle factors, reproductive system disorders and the use of certain medications and contraceptives are among the most common causes of irregular menstruation.  Lifestyle modifications, alternative therapies, medical interventions, hormonal medications and surgical interventions are some of the common treatment options for irregular menstruation.  Challenges of conception, increased risk of miscarriage, complications during pregnancy and effects on postpartum health are some of the ways in which irregular menstruation can affect pregnancy.

Neurodegenerative disorders are common in the world. Nearly one-sixth of the entire world population is suffering from neurodegenerative issues. Almost 6.8 million US citizens have Alzheimer's.  What Are Neurodegenerative Diseases? Neurodegenerative diseases are medical conditions and sometimes emergencies where a person suffers from neural problems. It is a problem where your nervous system gets degenerated. These diseases may affect parts of your nervous system, especially the brain or the entire system.  This specific term refers to several neurological diseases whose symptoms are unique. However, one common ground is that all such diseases slowly prey on the victims and gradually damage their nervous systems. It takes a long time to show the symptoms, but in most cases, doctors have nothing to do, as they are too late.  Neurodegenerative Disease List A long list of diseases falls under the umbrella term of neurodegenerative disease. They are further classified into several groups. Check the following checklist to get a clear idea: Dementia-type diseases Parkinson's disease Demyelinating diseases Prion diseases Motor diseases These above-mentioned diseases have sub-groups based on their symptoms. Check them out from the following: Dementia-Type Diseases This is the most common cause of neurological diseases. In this condition, neurons of your nervous system, especially around your brain, are damaged. This is a progressive condition and slowly causes damage. They are classified further into: Alzheimer's Disease Frontotemporal Dementia Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Lewy Body Dementia Limbic Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE) Parkinson's Disease This is a condition where the neurons regulating coordination and muscle movements wear off.  Parkinson's Disease Parkinsonism (looks similar to Parkinson's Disease but is not) Demyelinating Diseases In this condition, your neurons remain unaffected, but the myelin gets damaged. Myelin is responsible for sending and relaying nerve signals.  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) Prion Diseases It is fast-spreading brain damage caused by the misfolding of protein sheaths. It can be genetic; however, scientists are not 100% sure of it.  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Motor Diseases When the neurons around your brain that control your physical movements die, you get the following diseases:  Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Symptoms Every neurological degenerative disease is a complex medical condition. Although, in most cases, they exhibit proper symptoms, there are instances when they do not show any single sign. Even if they do, it is too late to initiate any effective treatment. Moreover, many conditions exhibit symptoms unrelated to the said diseases. However, you should be aware of the general symptoms so that you can take immediate action: Dementia-Type Diseases Memory loss Confusion Difficulty in concentrating Trouble in thinking Sudden behavioural changes Parkinson’s Disease Slow movements Problem in balancing Hunched posture Shaking hands Tremoring body Shuffling steps Demyelinating Diseases Pain Weakness Fatigue Numbness Muscle spasms Coordination issues Paralysis Motor Diseases Loss of control over muscles Slurred speech Difficulty in swallowing food Weak grip Muscle cramps Sudden weight loss Paralysis Causes Medical scientists and doctors cannot pinpoint certain degenerative diseases' specific causes. For some reason, they may point out one cause of any particular disease. Unfortunately, in most cases, doctors cannot find any definite or possible cause of such degenerative diseases.  Some of the possible causes of any degenerative disease are as follows: Age Age is undoubtedly one of the most common causes of any disease, whether neural or otherwise. The older you get, the cells and neurons of your brain and body start wearing off. Once you pass your youth, you develop certain health conditions. Degenerative diseases are prevalent in older adults. Your brain gets weak and develops diseases like dementia. Though not impossible, the prevalence of dementia is less among youngsters.  Genetic problems Next to age, genetics plays a huge role in shaping your health conditions. If your family has a history of any degenerative disease, there is a higher chance that you may develop one. Genetic mutations passed down from generation to generation may also impact your present health condition. But in some cases, specific mutations remain and cause degenerative diseases.   Medical History Previous medical conditions like cancer, brain injury and some deadly infections may lead to severe consequences like degenerative disease. If you have been diagnosed with any severe illnesses, the after-effects of its treatment may cause damage to your brain. Certain medical conditions may also worsen your existing degenerative diseases.  Adverse Environment Doctors cannot yet confirm how the environment can affect your brain and cause degenerative diseases. But there are instances when a perfectly healthy person exhibits similar symptoms of dementia after being captivated in a particular environment for an extended period.  Pollution, poor hygienic surroundings, and exposure to toxic chemicals and harmful radiation are proven factors of many neurological diseases. However, it is seen that people living far from the equator have a high chance of getting dementia. Poor Choice of Lifestyle Lifestyle makes a considerable change in everybody's overall health. If you are addicted to alcohol, tobacco and harmful and illegal drugs, they can affect your neurological health sooner or later. Moreover, a sedentary lifestyle may also cause adverse effects in the long run.  Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis Laboratory Tests: Blood tests, genetic tests. Imaging Tests: CT scans and MRI  Histopathology: Certain conditions like Pick's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are not detectable while the patient is alive. This test is performed after death.  Treatment Unfortunately, there is no cure for brain damage. Doctors may initiate treatments based on the cause to inhibit the effects. But in most cases, they are untreatable. It is best to consult with the designated doctor to discuss this at length, depending on the specific conditions.  In Summary Neurological problems do not just refer to only one condition. Instead, it is a parent term for many diseases. You cannot prevent any neurological disease anyhow. There may be treatments to cure your body parts if there are any neural issues. But, if it is with your brain, it is hard to get better. You can help the patient with comfortable environments and good behaviour.  Metropolis Healthcare is one of the largest diagnostic chains in the country. You can find their branches in almost all the cities in India. With their years of successful service toward human health and diseases, Metropolis Healthcare stands strong as one of the best pathological centres in India. Some of the critical points of Metropolis Healthcare you may want to know: One-time collection of samples Painless procedure while collecting blood samples Skilled and experienced staff Special attention to every individual, especially children and older adults Latest testing apparatus Thoroughly cleaned and sanitised lab and equipment Safety guidelines maintained by every staff Accurate and verified test reports with doctor's affirmation in less than 24 hours Book Blood Test at Home Final Takeaway These diseases damage neurons of the brain. The cause is still unclear to experts. Patients cannot survive more than 10 years in these situations. Visit Metropolis Healthcare for any test.

What is the Elisa test for HIV? The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or Elisa test for HIV, is a blood test that helps detect HIV antibodies. The HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) spreads through sexual contact, contact with HIV-infected blood, from mother to child during pregnancy or through breast milk, and sharing injection equipment such as needles and syringes. HIV attacks the immune system and affects your body's ability to fight infection and disease. Doctors recommend a series of blood tests to detect the virus. The Elisa test for HIV is one of the tests that help diagnose HIV antibodies. It checks for proteins that your body produces in reaction to the virus. Let us learn more about the Elisa test for HIV procedure and how to interpret the Elisa test for HIV results. When do doctors recommend the Elisa test? HIV is a sexually transmitted infection. If unchecked, it can lead to AIDS. Your doctor will recommend the Elisa test for HIV if you have been exposed to HIV or are at risk of acquiring the virus. The risk of contracting HIV increases in people who indulge in sexual intercourse without using protection, especially with someone who may have HIV have had sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), use intravenous (IV) drugs through shared needles, or have undergone blood transfusions. Getting the Elisa test for HIV regularly is advisable if you have a new sexual partner or work in healthcare. What is the procedure for the Elisa test for HIV? The Elisa test for HIV is a simple blood test that requires no preparation. You may have to wait for some days before you get the results. This test involves very few risks. Understanding the window of exposure for this test is critical. This is because if the test is done soon after exposure, your body will not have produced enough antibodies. This may not give a positive result even if the virus is present in the body. Elisa test procedure Before the test The laboratory technician will explain the procedure and take precautions to ensure your comfort before conducting the test. Please inform the technician if you have trouble giving blood or have a blood disorder, such as haemophilia, or if you take blood thinners. During the test The lab technician will clean the area on your arm from where the blood sample will be taken. Then they will tie a band around the arm to make the veins fill with blood They will then insert a needle into the vein to draw blood and remove the band Finally, they will remove the needle and apply a bandaid to the site. What do the test results mean? If you test positive, your doctor will advise you to repeat the test to confirm the results. As the Elisa test for HIV is very sensitive, you may test falsely positive. Furthermore, other infections, such as lupus or Lyme disease, or a sexually transmitted disease may also cause a false positive. If you test positive in the second test, too, it will confirm the presence of HIV. Here's what happens if the result of your Elisa test for HIV is positive or negative. Positive result If both tests give a positive result, please consult your doctor immediately. They will direct you to a specialist who may advise further tests. Based on their results, they will determine the best therapy for you. Your specialist may order tests to check for infections and complications. These include the following: Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection Tuberculosis Liver damage Kidney damage Urinary tract infections Cervical or anal cancer Sexually transmitted diseases Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, medications can help control HIV and prevent complications. An HIV treatment plan typically consists of Antiretroviral medication (ART) therapy, Advice about counselling or support groups, and Advice for preventing transmissions. As part of the treatment, your doctor may advise you the following tests at regular intervals: CD4 count: This test helps observe how well your immune system is working. It also helps detect the possibility of contracting an infection or disease in the future. Viral load test: This test shows how much virus is in the blood. If the virus is below a certain level, it is not detected. If the virus is undetectable, then you are safe and will not pass on the virus to another person. Negative result If you have been exposed to HIV in the last three months, the virus might be present but may not get detected. Therefore, if you get negative test results, your doctor may advise you to repeat the test in three months. In such a case, taking precautions to prevent transmission is crucial. If you receive negative test results and have not been exposed to HIV, you will not require further testing. Alternate tests While the Elisa test for HIV is the most commonly recommended, several other tests are also available to determine the presence of HIV. Antibody tests help to check for the antibody in saliva, blood and urine. Antigen or HIV antibody test helps to check the presence of the virus and its antibodies. These are blood tests that give highly accurate results. NAT (Nucleic Acid Test) helps to detect HIV within 7 to 28 days after exposure. This test gives accurate results for recent exposure. Book HIV Test To sum up Please consult your doctor at the earliest if you experience symptoms such as fever, nausea, rashes, painful mouth sores, weight loss, and swollen lymph glands on the neck. These are mild symptoms of HIV and may go unnoticed. However, due to the high amount of virus in your blood at this time, the infection may spread quickly and easily. The Elisa test for HIV will help determine the presence of HIV and help you begin treatment to prevent complications. Always trust a certified pathology like Metropolis Labs for all your blood tests. The qualified technicians at Metropolis use advanced diagnostic methods to deliver timely and accurate results. For your convenience, they provide at-home visits to collect your blood samples.

Blood in urine (Hematuria) can be a concerning symptom that requires medical attention. While it can be caused by harmless factors like vigorous exercise or infections, it can also indicate more serious underlying conditions such as urinary tract infections or kidney disease. So it is important not to ignore hematuria and consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Research estimates that at least one in every person consulting a urologist is diagnosed with the problem of blood in the urine. Timely medical intervention can help individuals identify the cause of blood in urine and get the appropriate treatment. Thus, understanding Hematuria's symptoms, causes and treatment methods would greatly help. About Hematuria Blood in urine (Hematuria) refers to the presence of blood cells in the urine because of some underlying medical condition. It is classified into gross, microscopic and dipstick hematuria based on an individual's condition. Gross hematuria is when blood is visible to the naked eye, resulting in red or pink colour urine. Microscopic hematuria is referred to the condition wherein the blood in urine is visible only through a microscope. Lastly, dipstick hematuria is identified through a colour change on a urine test strip. Blood in urine can be linked to various conditions and is determined through urinalysis during routine medical examinations. Individuals must seek medical attention if blood is detected in the urine to prevent further complications of any underlying issue. Symptoms of Hematuria Hematuria is primarily characterised by the presence of blood in urine with a varying appearance from slightly pinkish to bright red colour. Additional symptoms may include the following: Frequent urination Pain or discomfort during urination Lower abdominal pain or discomfort Pain on the sides of the back Fevers or chills (in case of urinary tract infections) Fatigue or weakness Blood clots in urine In some cases, blood in urine may not be painful, but the passage of blood clots can cause certain discomfort. Moreover, some individuals might not face symptoms except blood in the urine. Early detection and intervention are essential for identifying and addressing any potential underlying health problems associated with Hematuria. Causes of Blood in the Urine Various factors, including infections, injury, kidney stones, etc, can cause blood in urine. The following are the common causes of hematuria: Infections Hematuria can occur due to urinary tract infection (UTI) in different parts of the urinary system, like the bladder, kidney, urethra or prostate. UTI can cause inflammation and bleeding in the urinary tract, resulting in a strong urge to pee and burning pain while peeing. Injury Injury to the urinary tract caused by accidents, sports-related activities, hard exercises or any recent urinary tract procedures can lead to Hematuria. An injury to the kidneys as a result of an accident can also cause blood in the urine. Stones in the Urinary Tract The presence of kidney stones, bladder stones or ureteral stones can also be a cause of hematuria. These stones are formed by the minerals present in urine and can become hard over time resulting in blockage, pain and blood in the urine. Medical conditions of the urinary tract Certain urinary tract conditions like cystitis (inflamed bladder), benign prostate hypertrophy (enlarged prostate), endometriosis and renal diseases can cause Hematuria. Kidney diseases like glomerulonephritis can also be part of this condition. Genetic disorders Inherited disorders like sickle cell disease and haemophilia affect red blood cells and blood clotting, sometimes resulting in blood in the urine. Moreover, conditions like Alport syndrome damage small blood vessels in the kidneys and can also result in Hematuria. Cancer Blood in urine can also be associated with the presence of cancer cells resulting from bladder, kidney, urethral and prostate cancer. Cancer-related bleeding is mostly visible only through microscopic examination. Other Factors That Can Cause Hematuria Viral illness – like hepatitis Recent catheterisation Certain medications – like penicillin and aspirin Diagnosis of Hematuria Diagnosis involves several tests and examinations to determine the cause of blood in the urine. It includes the following processes: Physical exams Urine tests – urinalysis and urine culture Blood tests Urine cytology Image tests – CT scans and MRIs Kidney biopsy Cystoscopy Ultrasound tests These tests will help healthcare professionals assess the presence of blood, check for urinary tract infections, examine the bladder and kidneys and identify any abnormalities or diseases. Repeat testing might also be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment Options for Hematuria The treatment for Hematuria is based on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some of the common treatment options for this medical condition are the following: Antibiotic Medicines Antibiotics are prescribed to eliminate urinary tract infections that cause Hematuria and reduce inflammation. These medicines will kill the bacteria causing the infection to prevent bleeding. Treatment for Kidney or Bladder Stones Lifestyle changes, medications or surgical intervention may be recommended for curing kidney or bladder stones causing blood in the urine. Usually, sound waves treatment will be used to break up these stones and prevent Hematuria. Medications and Treatments for Other Conditions Medication and treatments for other conditions include using alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for enlarged prostate, a wide range of treatments for different levels and stages of cancer, disease-modifying agents and pain modifications for sickle cell disease, diuretics and blood pressure-lowering drugs for kidney disease, etc. In some cases, no treatment may be required for hematuria if there is no serious underlying medical condition. Regular monitoring of the condition might be recommended for individuals with microscopic hematuria and no identifiable cause. In Summary Blood in urine can be a distressing symptom that requires appropriate evaluation and treatment to address the underlying condition effectively. By identifying the underlying cause and choosing the right treatment approach, healthcare providers can help individuals maintain optimal urinary tract health. Metropolis Healthcare, a leading diagnostic lab in India, specialises in blood testing and health check-ups. Visit your nearest Metropolis Healthcare Centre to receive accurate reports for conditions such as hematuria. They have achieved a good reputation in this field with qualified technicians and at-home blood sample collection facilities. Some advantages of choosing Metropolis Healthcare for hematuria testing include the following: Experienced and qualified blood collection technicians specialised in handling accurate diagnoses. Comprehensive test menu covering a wide range of blood tests related to hematuria and urinary tract health. Timely delivery of test reports through email and the Metropolis TruHealth app. Easy access to test reports and online storage for convenient record keeping. Book Urine Test Final Takeaway Do not ignore blood in urine and seek medical evaluation. Remember to follow your healthcare professional's guidance and treatment plan. Do not hesitate to seek support and ask questions about your conditions. Choose Metropolis for quick and easy diagnosis test results.

Can you believe that just two cells, the sperm and ovum, differentiate into almost 100,000,000,000,000 cells to make up your body? And while it may seem excessive, every single cell has its function. The cell is the simplest form of life, and blood cells are the most vital as they are primarily responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the rest of the body and bringing waste materials and CO2 to be expelled from the body. Here is all you need to know about the different types of blood cells and why they are needed in the body. Blood Cells The body contains twenty to thirty trillion blood cells. These cells are seven microns in diameter and have the width of a spider-web silk strand. Your blood cells, skin, bone and nerve cells, are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc, silver, gold and numerous other elements that help their function. Types of Blood Cells There are three major types of blood cells: white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Here is a little more insight into the different types of blood cells. White Blood Cells These are the types of blood cells that help your body fight against infections. They make up your immune system and come in three different types. Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes Monocytes Red Blood Cells These are the body's oxygen carriers; they take oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the other cells in the body. The protein haemoglobin present inside the red blood cells is responsible for the transportation of oxygen. Platelets These are the types of blood cells that aid in the clotting of blood. When you get a cut or bruise, the platelets stick together and stop excess bleeding. Development of Blood Cells All the different types of blood cells in the human body start their journey as blood stem cells formed in the bone marrow. These stem cells then divide and multiply within the bone marrow and produce the other types of blood cells. The blood stem cell grows into any blood cell your body needs, including red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. The bone marrow creates a large number of blood cells per second. A well-oiled and working system ensures that your body creates the right amount of each type of blood cell to be healthy. However, when there is a glitch in the system, the blood cells do not develop properly or rapidly multiply, causing diseases like blood cancer. Functions of Different Types of Blood Cells Red Blood Cells Your bone marrow creates 2-3 million red blood cells every second. These red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are the most common type of blood cells. They usually circulate through the body for 120 days before they are removed by specialised cells called macrophages. In humans and other mammals, mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus; this gives the blood cells more space to store haemoglobin, the oxygen-binding protein that helps transport oxygen to the rest of the body. Red blood cells have a biconcave shape that helps increase the cells' surface area, allowing oxygen to diffuse across the surface. If a blood test shows low haemoglobin, you may be at risk of anaemia. In this case, you may appear pale because the haemoglobin gives the blood a red colour. You may also feel tired quickly and experience shortness of breath. White Blood Cells White blood cells comprise your immune system; they come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. Some cells may include nuclei with multiple lobes, whereas others have a single round nucleus. One type of blood cell, granulocyte, contains multiple packets of granules in its cytoplasm. These white blood cells circulate through the blood till the body gives them a signal indicating it is damaged. In response, the white blood cells squeeze through the blood vessels and reach the source of the signal to help start the healing process. Anyone with a low white blood cell count will experience low immunity and get sick more often. The symptoms of the disease will also be significantly worse for those with low white blood cells. Different types of white blood cells have different functions; for example Neutrophils help digest bacteria and other pathogens. Monocytes are young white blood cells that can become macrophages if they leave the blood and migrate to the tissue. Lymphocytes are found in two main classes: B cells mature in the bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus gland. When these cells get activated, they can trigger different immune responses. Book CBC Test In Summary There are different types of blood cells in the body that carry out critical functions. A complete blood count (CBC Test) is a simple blood test that can help you ensure you have healthy levels of the different types of blood cells. It also checks your haemoglobin levels so you can identify the possibility of anaemia. Metropolis Labs offers a wide range of diagnostic tests and the option of at-home sample collection to keep track of your health from the comfort of your home. Check out the entire list of diagnostic tests and book yours today.

In a normal, healthy individual, urine colour ranges from pale yellow to deep gold. This colour depends upon various factors like your level of hydration, overall health and how diluted it is. You may notice a slight odour in your urine based on your diet. There can be changes in your urine colour due to food, medications or nutritional supplements you take. However, sometimes, changes in your urine colour may indicate a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention. Read on to learn more about the symptoms and causes of abnormal urine colour and how they can be treated and managed. What Causes Changes in Urine Colour? Changes in urine colour can be harmless, especially when they are caused by the foods you eat, which include the following: Foods like beetroots, blackberries, blueberries, fava beans and rhubarb can cause your urine to turn reddish or sometimes darker shades of brown. Vitamin C present in certain fruits and vegetables can also turn urine orange. Carrots are known to turn urine light orange. If you have B vitamin-rich foods, you may notice a slight greenish tinge in your urine. Foods that contain dyes also may change your urine colour. Besides foods, certain medications can alter the colour of your urine, which include the following: Few chemotherapeutic drugs can turn your urine colour orange. Stomach acid reducers may turn urine blue. Phenazopyridine, a drug used to treat urinary tract infections and bladder pain, can give your urine an orange hue. Sometimes, a change in your urine colour may mean more serious conditions. Here is what your urine colour change may mean: Dark Yellow Urine If the colour of urine changes to a darker hue of yellow, it is most likely because you may be dehydrated. Drinking water can help restore your urine colour. Red or Pink-Tinged Urine Sometimes, your urine may appear red or pink in colour. A few possible causes for this include the following: Foods like beets, blackberries, rhubarb Medications like rifampicin, phenazopyridine Severe muscle injury presence of blood in urine due to an internal injury, obstruction, infection, benign prostate enlargement or cancer Lead or mercury poisoning Blood in urine is a matter of concern and requires immediate medical attention. Orange Urine Orange-coloured urine is caused by medications like: Laxatives Some chemotherapy drugs Rifampicin Sulfasalazine Phenazopyridine Some medical conditions, like problems with your bile ducts or liver, can also cause orange-coloured urine, especially when accompanied by light stools. Blue or Green Urine If you notice blue- or green-coloured urine, it may be due to the following: Food colouring Dyes used in some kidney or bladder tests Medications like indomethacin, amitriptyline, propofol and a few multivitamins In some rare cases, a blue-green tinge of urine may be due to a urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Brown Urine Brown-coloured urine can be due to the following: Foods like rhubarb or fava beans Medications like chloroquine, metronidazole, primaquine or laxatives that contain senna Some urinary tract infections, kidney or liver disorders Severe muscle injury What Are the Symptoms of Changed Urine Colour? The changes in urine colour are often very easy to see and smell. The most common symptoms of changed urine colour include the following: An evident difference in your urine colour Foaming of urine Strong odour How Is Abnormal Urine Colour Managed and Treated? When you report to your doctor with abnormal urine colour and other associated symptoms, they will perform a thorough diagnosis to determine the cause of the colour change. This will help them treat and manage the condition effectively. A few tests that may be recommended for diagnosis, which include the following: Routine blood tests, including liver function test Urine analysis Urine culture to determine infection Urine cytology Cystoscopy Ultrasound of the kidneys and the bladder Depending on what is causing your abnormal urine colour, your doctor will suggest the appropriate treatment plan. Sometimes, minor and simple lifestyle modifications are needed to restore urine colour to normal. For example, increasing hydration to counter dehydration or avoiding eating foods that may be causing a change in your urine colour. Book Blood Test at Home In Summary Understanding the significance of urine colour can provide valuable insights into your overall health. By recognising the various symptoms, causes, types and available treatment options, we can take proactive steps towards better well-being. Remember, any significant changes in urine colour should never be ignored, and it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalised care. Unsure why your urine colour looks different? Get a urine analysis from your nearest Metropolis Labs. Always rely on a certified laboratory like Metropolis India for urine tests. Metropolis India's high-end technology and accurate and timely reports help you receive immediate treatment, which ensures a full recovery.