Prostate Cancer: Early Detection Saves Lives – Know the Signs

What Is Prostate Cancer?

Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate gland grow abnormally and form tumours. The prostate, located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum in the male reproductive system, produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. While most prostate cancers grow slowly, some can be aggressive and spread quickly to other parts of the body, making early detection and treatment crucial.

Who Is at Risk for Prostate Cancer?

Several factors can increase a man's risk of developing prostate cancer:

• Age: The risk increases significantly after age 50, with most cases diagnosed in men over 65.
• Family history: Having a father, brother, or son with prostate cancer nearly doubles your risk.
• Race: African American men are more likely to develop prostate cancer symptoms and have more aggressive forms of the disease.
• Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase prostate cancer risk.
• Diet and lifestyle: A diet high in red meat, processed foods, and saturated fats may elevate cancer risk, while obesity and lack of exercise are also associated with a higher incidence.

Early Signs and Symptoms to Watch Out For

In its early stages, prostate cancer causes no noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, the following signs may appear:

• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine flow
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Pain or burning sensation during urination or ejaculation
• Blood in urine or semen
• Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis (if cancer has spread to bones)

It's important to note that these prostate cancer symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. If you experience any of these symptoms, consult your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation.

Importance of Early Detection and Screening

Early detection is key to successfully treating prostate cancer and improving outcomes. Screening tests can help identify prostate cancer before symptoms appear, when the disease is most treatable.

The two main screening methods are:

• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: The PSA test is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer or other prostate conditions.
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): During this exam, a doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel for any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

The decision to undergo screening should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider, considering your age, risk factors, and personal preferences.

Generally, rectal screening is recommended for:

• Men aged 50 and older (if at average risk)
• African American men, especially those with a family history of prostate cancer.
• Men with a strong family history or genetic predisposition, starting at age 40.

Diagnostic Tests for Prostate Cancer

If screening tests suggest the possibility of prostate cancer, your doctor may recommend additional diagnostic procedures:

• Prostate Biopsy: A needle is used to remove small tissue samples from the prostate for microscopic examination. This is typically performed under ultrasound guidance.
• Imaging Tests: MRI, CT scans, or bone scans may be used to determine the extent of cancer spread.
• Genomic Testing: Analysing the genetic makeup of the cancer cells can help predict aggressiveness and guide treatment decisions.

Stages of Prostate Cancer Explained

Prostate cancer stages describe how far the cancer has spread. The TNM staging system considers the size and extent of the primary tumour (T), lymph node involvement (N), and presence of metastasis (M).

The four main stages are:

• Stage I (T1): Cancer is confined to the prostate, not detectable by DRE, and has a low PSA level.
• Stage II (T2): Cancer is still localised to the prostate but may be larger or have a higher PSA level.
• Stage III (T3): Cancer has spread outside the prostate to nearby tissues or seminal vesicles.
• Stage IV (T4): Cancer has metastasised to distant lymph nodes, bones, or other organs.

Understanding the stages of prostate cancer is crucial for determining the most effective treatment approaches.

Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer treatment is tailored to each individual, considering factors like cancer stage, PSA levels, Gleason score (a measure of cancer aggressiveness), age, overall health, and personal preferences.

The main treatment options include:

• Active Surveillance: Closely monitoring low-risk prostate cancer with regular PSA tests, DREs, and biopsies, and treating only if the cancer progresses.
• Surgery (Prostatectomy): Removing the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue. This can be done through traditional open surgery or minimally invasive techniques like robotic-assisted surgery.
• Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy beams (external beam radiation) or radioactive seeds implanted in the prostate (brachytherapy) to destroy cancer cells.
• Hormone Therapy: Medications that reduce testosterone levels, which can slow or stop cancer growth. This is often used in combination with other treatments or for advanced prostate cancer.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill rapidly growing cancer cells, usually reserved for men with advanced prostate cancer that is resistant to hormone therapy (castration-resistant prostate cancer).
• Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy: Newer treatments that harness the immune system or target specific molecules involved in cancer growth, offering hope for some men with advanced disease.

Your healthcare team will help you develop a personalised prostate cancer treatment plan that balances the benefits and potential side effects of each approach.

Living with Prostate Cancer

A prostate cancer diagnosis can be life-altering, but with early detection and appropriate treatment, many men go on to lead long, fulfilling lives. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of prostate cancer may involve:

• Managing side effects: Treatments can cause urinary, sexual, and bowel-related side effects. Your healthcare team can offer much-needed support to effectively deal with these issues.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, and managing stress can improve overall well-being and potentially slow cancer progression.
• Seeking support: Joining a support group or talking with a counsellor can help you navigate the emotional impact of prostate cancer and connect with others who understand your experience.

Remember, you don't have to face prostate cancer alone. Your healthcare team, loved ones, and support networks are there to guide and support you every step of the way.

Conclusion: Stay Informed, Stay Ahead

Knowledge is power when it comes to prostate cancer. It helps with timely prevention and early detection. By understanding your risk factors, recognising potential symptoms, and staying up-to-date with screening recommendations, you can take proactive steps to protect your prostate health.

If you have concerns about prostate cancer or male reproductive cancer, don't hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider. And if you're looking for reliable, convenient diagnostic services, consider Metropolis Healthcare. With a network of state-of-the-art labs across India and a team of experienced pathologists, Metropolis offers accurate PSA testing and other prostate cancer diagnostic tests.

Remember, early detection saves lives. Take charge of your prostate health today, and empower yourself with the knowledge and resources to navigate this journey with confidence and hope.

FAQs

Can you recover from prostate cancer?

Yes, prostate cancer is highly treatable, especially when detected early. The 5-year survival rate for localised prostate cancer is nearly 100%, and even advanced cases can often be managed effectively with a combination of treatments.

What is the main cause of prostate cancer?

The exact causes of prostate cancer are unknown, but age, family history, and genetic factors play significant roles. Other potential risk factors include race, diet, and lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise.

What is the life expectancy of a person with prostate cancer?

Life expectancy of a person with this condition depends on the stage of the cancer and the individual's overall health. For localised prostate cancer, the 5-year survival rate is nearly 100%. Even for advanced cases, many men can live for years with appropriate treatment and management.

At what age should I start getting screened for prostate cancer?

Screening recommendations for prostate cancer vary based on individual risk factors. Generally, men at 50 should start discussing screening with their healthcare provider. For men at higher risk, such as African American men or those with a family history of prostate cancer, screening may begin as early as age 40-45.

Can prostate cancer be cured if detected early?

Yes, when prostate cancer is detected early, it is often highly curable. Treatment options like surgery or radiation therapy can effectively eliminate localised prostate cancer, allowing many men to live cancer-free for years or even decades after diagnosis.