Hookworm: How They Occur and How to Prevent Them

What is hookworm?

Hookworm disease is caused by parasitic roundworms that infect the small intestine and lungs of humans. The primary species responsible for hookworm infection are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. These worms use their hook-like mouthparts to attach to the intestinal wall, feeding on blood and nutrients, which can lead to anaemia, malnutrition, and fatigue.

Infection begins when a hookworm egg hatches in contaminated soil, releasing larvae that penetrate human skin, often through bare feet. Poor sanitation and walking barefoot in infected areas increase the risk. Hookworm symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weakness. Without treatment, severe cases can lead to long-term health issues. Antiparasitic medications effectively eliminate the worms, preventing complications and promoting recovery.

What is a parasite?

A parasite is an organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host) and relies on it for survival. In the case of hookworm disease, the worms reside in the human intestines and feed on blood from the intestinal walls, making them a classic example of a parasitic infection.

How common are hookworms in humans?

Hookworm infection is a widespread global health issue, affecting approximately 740 million people. It is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation conditions.

What are the hookworm symptoms?

Hookworm symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Common signs include:

• Skin rash and itchiness at the site of larval penetration
• Gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea
• Fever
• Iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss

In mild cases, some people may not experience any noticeable symptoms. However, chronic hookworm infections can lead to more severe health problems, especially in children and pregnant women.

How do hookworms infect humans?

The hookworm life cycle starts when hookworm eggs are excreted in an infected person’s faeces. In warm, moist soil, these eggs hatch into larvae, which can survive for weeks. One of the primary hookworm causes is direct skin contact with contaminated soil, often through walking barefoot. The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the lungs.

In the lungs, they cause irritation and coughing. When the person coughs and swallows, the larvae move into the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms. These worms attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood, leading to hookworm infection.

Over time, this can cause hookworm disease, resulting in anaemia, malnutrition, and fatigue. The adult worms can live for years, continuously producing eggs that are excreted in faeces, allowing the cycle to continue. Proper sanitation and footwear can help hookworm prevention.

Are hookworms contagious?

Hookworms are not directly contagious between humans. The infection occurs through contact with soil contaminated with hookworm larvae, not through person-to-person transmission. However, poor sanitation and hygiene practices can contribute to the spread of hookworm disease in a community.

Can you get hookworm disease from your pets or other animals?

Humans cannot contract hookworm disease directly from pets. While animals carry species like Ancylostoma braziliense, these typically do not mature in humans. However, their larvae can penetrate human skin, causing cutaneous larva migrans, a skin condition. Human-specific hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, are the primary hookworm causes in people. Practicing good hygiene and pet deworming can help reduce the risk of exposure.

Who is at risk for hookworm disease?

Those most at risk for hookworm disease include:

• People living in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene
• Individuals who walk barefoot on contaminated soil
• Children in developing nations, who are more susceptible to severe health impacts from the infection

How serious is hookworm in humans?

Hookworm disease can range from mild to severe, depending on factors like the person's age, overall health, and the number of worms in their body. In severe cases, particularly in vulnerable groups like young children, pregnant women, and malnourished individuals, hookworms can cause more serious health issues such as:

• Iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss
• Protein deficiency
• Slowed growth and cognitive development in children

How is hookworm disease diagnosed?

To diagnose hookworm disease, a doctor will evaluate symptoms and ask about recent travel to high-risk areas. A stool sample test is commonly used to detect hookworm eggs under a microscope. If the initial test is inconclusive but symptoms persist, a blood test, such as a complete blood count (CBC), may be ordered. This can help identify eosinophilia, an elevated white blood cell count, which may indicate an early parasitic infection.

How do you get rid of hookworms?

Hookworm treatment involves taking anti-worm medications like albendazole or mebendazole, prescribed by a doctor. These oral drugs are typically taken for 1-3 days to eliminate adult worms in the intestines. If the infection has caused anaemia due to chronic blood loss, iron supplements may also be recommended. Proper hygiene, wearing shoes, and avoiding contaminated soil help prevent reinfection and reduce the risk of future hookworm disease.

Do hookworms go away on their own?

While hookworm disease can eventually clear up without treatment, this natural process can take years. During this time, the worms continue damaging your intestines and causing health problems like malnutrition and anaemia. Rather than waiting it out, it's best to see your doctor for proper treatment to get rid of the parasites quickly and prevent complications.

How can we prevent hookworm disease?

Hookworm prevention includes wearing shoes, using proper sanitation, and practicing good hygiene. Avoid walking barefoot in contaminated areas and deworm pets regularly. Improving clean water access reduces hookworm disease risk, helping prevent infections in high-risk communities.

What is the outlook for people with hookworm disease?

With proper hookworm treatment, most people make a full recovery and don't experience long-term health issues. The earlier the infection is diagnosed and treated, the lower the risk for severe complications.

When to see a doctor?

See your doctor if you have symptoms of a hookworm disease, such as skin rash or itchy feet, abdominal pain or diarrhoea, fatigue or weakness, and pale skin or gums.

Conclusion

Hookworm disease is a serious parasitic infection that can have significant health consequences if left untreated. If you suspect that you may have an infection, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate hookworm treatment.

At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer comprehensive diagnostic services, including convenient at-home sample collection by our skilled technicians. Our state-of-the-art labs ensure accurate results, empowering you to take control of your health.