Colic In Babies: Causes, Symptoms, and Relief Tips

What Is Colic?

Colic refers to recurrent, prolonged periods of excessive crying in an otherwise healthy infant, lasting for more than 3 hours per day, on at least 3 days per week, for 3 weeks or more, as per the “Rule of Three” commonly used in Indian and global paediatric practice (IAP 2023). These crying bouts often occur in the evening and can be difficult to soothe, leaving both baby and parents exhausted and frustrated. While the exact cause remains unclear, understanding the symptoms, potential triggers, and baby colic relief tips can help you navigate this challenging phase and provide comfort to your little one.

Signs and Symptoms of Colic

Common Symptoms

• Intense, high-pitched crying that may sound more like screaming or an expression of pain.
• Crying episodes occur at the same time each day, often in the late afternoon or evening.
• Facial flushing or reddening of the skin during crying bouts
• Tightening of the abdomen or clenching of the fists
• Pulling the legs up to the chest as if in pain
• Difficulty in comforting or soothing the baby
• Loud tummy rumblings or passing gas
• Baby recovers quickly after the episode and appears otherwise healthy

Duration and Pattern

Baby colic symptoms typically emerge around 2-4 weeks of age, peak at 6-8 weeks, and usually resolve by 12-16 weeks. The crying episodes often occur at the same time each day, lasting for more than three hours. They most commonly occur in the late afternoon or evening and can continue for a few minutes to several hours.

Causes of Colic in Babies

Digestive System Immaturity

Newborns have an immature digestive system that is still developing. This can lead to gas, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, which may trigger prolonged crying episodes. As the digestive system matures, these symptoms often improve.

Food Sensitivities or Allergies

Some infants may be sensitive or allergic to certain proteins in their diet, such as cow's milk protein found in formula or passed through breastmilk. This can cause digestive issues and lead to colic symptoms.

Overstimulation or Adjusting to the Environment

Babies can become overwhelmed by their new surroundings, leading to fussiness and crying. Overstimulation from bright lights, loud noises, or too much activity can contribute to colic episodes. Creating a calm, soothing environment can help reduce the likelihood of overstimulation.

Gut Microbiome Imbalance

Studies have found that colicky babies often have lower levels of beneficial bacteria and higher levels of certain gas-producing bacteria in their digestive tract compared to non-colicky infants.

Also Read: Common Food Allergies in Babies: What You Need to Know

Risk Factors for Colic

• Preterm birth or low birth weight
• Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to second-hand smoke
• Maternal stress or anxiety during pregnancy or postpartum
• Difficult birth or delivery complications
• Family history of colic or migraine

Complications Related to Colic

• Parental stress, fatigue, and frustration
• Difficulty bonding with the baby due to the constant crying
• Increased risk of postpartum depression or anxiety in parents

How Colic Is Diagnosed

1. Physical Examination

During the physical exam, the paediatrician will check your baby's growth, fontanels (soft spots on the head), and signs of dehydration or illness. They will also palpate the abdomen to check for tenderness or distension and listen to the bowel sounds.

2. Medical History Review

The doctor will ask about your baby's medical history, including birth details, feeding patterns, and family history of colic or migraine. They may also enquire about any changes in the home environment or routine that could be contributing to the crying episodes.

3. Tests (If Needed)

• Blood tests to check for infection or anaemia
• Urine analysis to rule out a urinary tract infection
• Stool sample to test for blood or signs of an allergy or intolerance
• Imaging studies, such as an abdominal ultrasound or X-ray, are performed if there are concerns about anatomical abnormalities.

Relief Tips for Colic in Babies

According to the American Academy of Paediatrics, while colic is common and typically resolves on its own, certain comforting methods can help ease your baby's discomfort and reduce crying episodes.

Comforting Techniques

• Swaddling your baby in a soft blanket provides a sense of security.
• Holding your baby close to your body, skin-to-skin, or in a baby carrier.
• Gently rocking or swinging your baby in your arms or in a baby swing.
• Providing white noise, such as a fan or a white noise machine.
• Offering a pacifier for sucking comfort.
• Give your baby a warm bath or gently massage their tummy in a clockwise direction.

Feeding Adjustments

• Feeding your baby in a more upright position to prevent gulping air.
• Burping your baby frequently during and after feedings to release trapped gas.
• Offering smaller, more frequent feedings to avoid overfeeding.
• Consider a change in formula or eliminating dairy from your diet if breastfeeding, under the guidance of your paediatrician.

Maternal Diet Changes (for breastfeeding mums)

If you are breastfeeding and suspect that your baby may be sensitive to something in your diet, try eliminating common allergens like dairy, caffeine, or spicy foods for a few weeks. Keep a food diary to help identify potential triggers, and discuss any dietary changes with your doctor to ensure you maintain proper nutrition.

Medical Treatment Options

Medical interventions for baby colic are rarely required, as it is a benign condition that resolves on its own. In rare cases, doctors may recommend treatments if an underlying issue is suspected.

Probiotics

Some studies suggest that probiotics for infant colic, particularly Lactobacillus reuteri, may help reduce crying time in colic babies. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help promote a healthy gut microbiome.

Medications (Rarely Used)

Medications are generally avoided unless another medical condition is diagnosed. Common medications may include simethicone drops, probiotics and, in rare cases, a short course of antispasmodic medication.

It's crucial to never give your baby any medication without first consulting your paediatrician.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

• Keep the room dim and quiet, especially during crying episodes.
• Avoid overstimulating your baby with too much activity or noise.
• Establish a consistent routine for feeding, sleeping, and playtime.
• Take breaks when needed and ask for help from family or friends.
• Practise relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, to manage your own stress.

When to See a Doctor

While baby colic is common and usually resolves on its own, there are times when it's important to seek medical advice:

• Fever
• Vomiting or diarrhoea
• Blood in stool
• Poor feeding or weight loss
• Lethargy or unusual sleepiness
• Signs of illness (rash, difficulty breathing)

Preventing Colic

• Practise good feeding techniques for colic, such as burping your baby frequently and holding them upright during feedings.
• Create a calm, soothing environment for your baby, with minimal noise and stimulation.
• Manage your own stress levels during pregnancy and after birth.
• Avoid smoking during pregnancy and exposing your baby to secondhand smoke.

Living with a Colicky Baby: Coping Tips for Parents

• Take breaks when possible and ask for help from family or friends.
• Practise self-care activities, such as taking a warm bath, reading a book, or engaging in a hobby.
• Communicate openly with your partner about your feelings and needs.
• Connect with support groups or other parents.

Conclusion

A colic condition can be a challenging and stressful experience for both babies and parents. By understanding the potential colic causes, symptoms and relief strategies, you can better navigate this difficult period and provide comfort to your little one. Remember, colic is a temporary condition, and most babies outgrow it as they age. If you are feeling overwhelmed or concerned about your baby's health, don't hesitate to reach out to your paediatrician for help and guidance.

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FAQs

1. How long does the colicky phase last in babies?

Colic typically begins around 2-3 weeks after birth, peaks at 6-8 weeks, and gradually improves by 3-4 months. In most cases, colic resolves on its own by the time the baby is 4 months old.

2. Is colic painful for babies?

While it's difficult to know exactly what a baby is feeling, the intense crying associated with colic suggests that the baby is experiencing discomfort or pain. However, colic is not harmful to the baby and does not cause any long-term health problems.

3. Can colic be prevented?

There is no proven way to prevent colic. But there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of your baby developing the condition, such as practising good feeding techniques, creating a calm environment, and managing your own stress levels.

4. Does gripe water help with colic?

Gripe water and herbal colic remedies are not recommended by major paediatric bodies such as AAP or IAP due to lack of proven benefit and possible risk of contamination or alcohol content. Always consult your paediatrician before giving any home or herbal preparation.

5. Is colic linked to future health problems?

No, colic does not lead to long-term health issues. Most babies outgrow colic with no lasting effects, and it is not an indicator of future health problems.