Covid Monitor Initial

CBC Test looks at the different components of the blood, including hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In covid 19 patients, decreased white blood cells, lymphocytes (assessed by Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) and severely reduced platelet count are associated with poor prognosis.

Albumin is the main protein in the blood. Studies have shown that low levels of albumin in Covid 19 patients is associated with unfavorable outcome in COVID‐19.

D-dimer is test done to rule out presence of blood clot. It is a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded. The level of D-dimer in the blood can significantly rise when there is significant formation and breakdown of clots in the body. Patients with COVID-19 are reported to have a hypercoagulable state i.e increased tendency to produce blood clots

The IFCC Guidelines on COVID-19 strongly suggest D-Dimer testing in patients with COVID-19.

Studies have shown that fourfold increase in D-dimer on admission could effectively predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19, which indicated D-dimer could be an early and helpful marker to improve management of Covid-19 patients.

PT is a blood test used for evaluating blood clotting, elevated prothrombin time may help diagnose hypercoagulable state

C-Reactive protein & Erythrocyte sedimentation rate rise in response to inflammation. Measurement is useful for the detection and evaluation of infection, tissue injury, inflammatory processes in Covid 19

Interleukin-6(IL-6) Elevated concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) may indicate an ongoing inflammatory response & it is one of the key mediators of inflammation and viral cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients

Sequential measurements of IL-6 in serum or plasma of patients admitted to the ICU showed to be useful in evaluating the severity of SIRS ( Systemic inflammatory response syndrome) ,sepsis and septic shock and to predict the outcome of these, making it useful indicator in COVID patients.

High ferritin levels correlate with severity of COVID 19. It is one of the markers of inflammation. Elevated ferritin levels due to secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cytokine storm syndrome have been reported in severe COVID-19 patients

PCT is a widely used biomarker to assess the risk of bacterial infection and disease progression & may serve as a valuable tool in identifying COVID 19patients at high risk for bacterial co infection. Few studies have reported positive association of elevated PCT levels with the severity of COVID-19

As per studies, elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are indicative of cytokine mediated tissue damage and release of LDH, which is a predictor of poor outcome.

Cardiac injury biomarkers (Troponin I/T) According to recent studies published, cardiac injury biomarkers were elevated in most of the complicated cases of COVID-19, and their elevation is directly proportional to the worst outcome.

Creatinine is useful in assessing acute kidney injury in Covid as potential long-term outcomes such as microalbuminuria and chronic kidney diseases are known to occur

Increased levels of liver enzymes can mean that liver is at least temporarily damaged. Patients with severe COVID-19 appear to have more frequent signs of liver dysfunction than those with milder disease.

Antibody or serology tests look for antibodies in the blood to determine if the patient had a past infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. It can take 1–3 weeks after the infection for body to produce antibodies.