Urine Routine Examination Test

Reference Values Of Urine Routine Examination Test

Physical Examination
• Volume: Normal volume of an early morning sample is about 50-300 ml.
• Colour: Normal colour is Pale Yellow
• Appearance: Normal appearance is clear to cloudy
• Reaction: Usually acidic pH range 4.5 – 7.5.
• Odour: Urine does not smell very strong but has a slightly nutty or an aromatic odour
• Specific Gravity: Normal value ranges from 1.003 to 1.060.
Chemical Examination
Normal chemical composition of the urine includes urea, chlorides, sodium, potassium, sulphates, phosphates, creatinine and other chemicals present in trace amounts. Presence of Sugar or Bile Pigments and other elements means something is wrong with the kidney, as these constituents are not present otherwise when the kidneys are normal.
Microscopic Examination:
Pus cells and epithelial cells may be found in urine under normal conditions. Bacteria, yeast and parasites are normally absent and if found can indicate an infection.

Interpretations

Volume: A value above 500 ml is diagnosed as Polyuria (excess urination). Anything less than 20ml indicates some kidney disorder
Colour: Dark yellow or orange could indicate a liver disorder. White indicates presence of pus and urinary infections. Pink to red suggests presence of Red Blood Cells and blue or green again indicates a liver disorder (Intake of some medicines also alters the colour of urine and your doctor will be able to accordingly guide you on any abnormality)
Appearance: Presence of White Blood Cells can give a turbid appearance. Smoky appearance suggests presence of red blood cells
Reaction: pH value less than 4.7 indicates acidic nature and more than 7.5 indicates alkaline nature
Odour: Bacterial or urinary tract infection leads to a foul-smelling urine. Urine retention leads to an ammoniacal odour
Specific Gravity: Special gravity below normal range indicates diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney infection and a higher range indicates diabetes mellitus or acute kidney infection
Chemical Examination
Presences of the following components may indicate the corresponding conditions:
Bile Salts, Bile pigments and urobilinogen: Liver Disorders
Proteins: Heart disease or kidney disorder
Glucose: Any diabetic conditions
Ketone bodies: Severe diabetes and even in certain nervous disorders
Blood : Cancer of the kidney, in case of presence of kidney stones or even due to Kidney Tuberculosis.
Microscopic Examination
Indication of more than 5-10 pus cells are suggestive of urinary tract infections or may also be due to normal fever, stress and sometimes due to dehydration. Presence of epithelial cells (cells in the outer layer of any organ) suggests a wide range of medical conditions ranging from tubular damage to pyelonephritis. Presence of casts indicates kidney disorders and presence of phosphate crystals or uric acid crystals suggests kidney stones.