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What is Emphysema? Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterised by the gradual destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing. This irreversible damage reduces the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently. Emphysema is a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and can significantly impact the quality of life if left untreated. What are the Symptoms of Emphysema? Emphysema manifests through respiratory symptoms that gradually worsen over time. Initially, individuals may experience mild symptoms that often go unnoticed, but as the condition progresses, emphysema symptoms become more pronounced. Some common emphysema symptoms may include: Shortness of breath Persistent coughing Fatigue However, advanced emphysema symptoms include: Wheezing Chest tightness Increased mucus production Abnormal mucus colour (yellow or green) Heart problems Trouble sleeping What are the Stages of Emphysema? Emphysema is often categorised into four stages based on the severity of lung damage and airflow limitation. These emphysema stages, as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), help clinicians assess the progression of the disease and tailor emphysema treatment accordingly. Stage 1 (Mild) emphysema: In the initial stage of emphysema, patients may experience mild shortness of breath during physical exertion, but the disease is often undiagnosed at this point. Stage 2 (Moderate) emphysema: As emphysema progresses, lung function further declines, leading to increased breathlessness, particularly during physical activity. Coughing and wheezing become more noticeable, affecting daily life. Stage 3 (Severe) emphysema: Severe emphysema is characterised by significantly impaired lung function, causing frequent and severe shortness of breath even during minimal exertion. Stage 4 (Very Severe) emphysema: In advanced emphysema, lung function is severely compromised, and individuals may experience extreme difficulty breathing even at rest. What are the Causes of Emphysema? The primary cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, most commonly cigarette smoke. Other factors include: Exposure to air pollution Industrial fumes Genetic predisposition How is Emphysema Diagnosed? Diagnosing emphysema involves the following steps: Medical History: A detailed medical history, including symptoms, smoking history, and exposure to lung irritants such as pollution or occupational hazards, is asked. Spirometry Test (Emphysema Diagnosis 1): Spirometry is a key diagnostic test for assessing lung function and airflow limitation to determine if airflow obstruction is present, indicative of emphysema diagnosis. Imaging Studies (Emphysema Types, Emphysema Causes): Chest X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) scans provide detailed images of the lungs and identify potential emphysema causes such as smoking-related damage. Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: It measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, providing insights into how well your lungs are functioning and if oxygen therapy is needed as part of emphysema treatment. Pulmonary Function Tests (Emphysema Diagnosis 2): Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) assess lung volume, capacity, and gas exchange efficiency. Consultation and Treatment Planning (Emphysema Treatment): Based on the results of these diagnostic tests, the healthcare provider discusses the diagnosis, emphysema type, and potential causes. What are the Complications of Emphysema? Some of the complications are: Chronic respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis are common due to weakened lung function. Increased risk of pneumothorax (collapsed lung) and pulmonary hypertension. Elevated susceptibility to heart problems, including heart failure, as the heart compensates for impaired lung function. What Tests Will be Done to Diagnose Emphysema? Diagnosing emphysema involves a series of tests, including: Spirometry: It measures lung function and airflow limitation. It involves breathing forcefully into a device called a spirometer to assess how much air you can exhale and how quickly. Imaging Studies: Chest X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) scans can reveal characteristic changes in lung structure associated with emphysema, such as hyperinflation and bullae formation. Arterial Blood Gas Analysis: This emphysema test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood, providing insight into how well your lungs are functioning. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs): These tests evaluate lung volume, capacity, and gas exchange efficiency, helping to assess the severity of emphysema. High-Resolution CT (HRCT): This specialised CT scan provides detailed images of lung tissue, aiding in the emphysema diagnosis and classification. How is Emphysema Treated? Here is how emphysema is treated: Smoking Cessation: The most crucial step to treat emphysema is quitting smoking to slow disease progression. Medications: Bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids help relieve emphysema symptoms and improve lung function. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Exercise, breathing techniques, and education programs improve quality of life. Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen improves oxygen levels in the blood. Surgery: In severe cases, lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplant may be considered. What are the Types of Emphysema? Emphysema is typically classified into two main types: Centriacinar Emphysema: Primarily affects the central or proximal portion of the acinus, commonly associated with cigarette smoking. Panacinar Emphysema: Involves uniform destruction of the entire acinus, often associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. These emphysema types differ in the distribution of lung damage and may require different emphysema treatment approaches. What is the Prevention and Outlook for Emphysema? While emphysema is not curable, managing risk factors and adhering to emphysema treatment can improve symptoms and slow disease progression, enhancing long-term outlook and quality of life. Emphysema prevention primarily involves: Avoiding tobacco smoke and minimising exposure to environmental pollutants. Early detection and smoking cessation can significantly reduce the risk. Does COVID-19 Cause Emphysema? COVID-19 rarely causes giant emphysema, which is characterised by the expansion of air pockets, known as bullae, in the lungs. This condition can affect up to one-third of one or both lungs. It is more common in individuals with pre-existing emphysema. Conclusion Emphysema, a chronic lung condition, does present significant challenges, yet early detection and appropriate management strategies can alleviate emphysema symptoms and improve prognosis. Take charge of your respiratory health today with Metropolis Healthcare's comprehensive diagnostic services. Schedule a consultation now to receive personalised guidance and support on your journey towards better lung health.

Are you facing discomfort or unusual symptoms in your vaginal area? Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a prevalent vaginal infection affecting women globally. Although it might not always exhibit noticeable symptoms, BV can lead to significant discomfort and complications if untreated. Therefore, understanding bacterial vaginosis causes, symptoms, and impact on reproductive health is vital. So, this article delves into BV intricacies, offering insights into its presentation and emphasising the importance of timely medical attention for diagnosis and treatment. What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)? Normally, the vagina contains a balance of bacteria, but BV occurs when there is an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. BV is a common vaginal infection resulting from an imbalance of 'good' and 'harmful' bacteria in the vagina. How Common is Bacterial Vaginosis? Bacterial vaginosis is highly prevalent worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of women globally. Prevalence varies across regions, with rates ranging from 23% to 29% in different areas. Who Can Get BV? Bacterial vaginosis can affect anyone with a vagina, regardless of age or sexual activity. What are the Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis? The bacterial vaginosis symptoms may include: Thin, watery vaginal bacterial vaginosis discharge that can be grey, white, or green Foul-smelling 'fishy' odour emanating from the vagina Vaginal irritation or itching Sometimes, BV may not exhibit any symptoms, especially in mild cases How Do You Get Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)? Bacterial vaginosis can affect anyone with a vagina, but certain factors increase the risk of developing it. These can be: Multiple or New Sex Partners: Having different or new sex partners can increase the risk of BV. Sexual Activity: BV is strongly associated with sexual activity, although it is not classified as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). Pregnancy: Pregnant women are also at higher risk of developing BV. Is Bacterial Vaginosis Contagious? Bacterial vaginosis is not considered a contagious condition in the typical sense. So it does not spread from person to person, like a cold or the flu. However, sexual activity can increase the risk of developing BV. BV results from an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, where harmful bacteria outnumber the beneficial ones. Although not directly contagious, sexual partners can influence each other's bacterial balance and potentially contribute to the development or recurrence of BV. Is Bacterial Vaginosis an STD or STI? Bacterial vaginosis is not classified as a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) or STI. BV is an imbalance of the usual bacteria found in the vagina. What's the Difference Between Bacterial Vaginosis and a Yeast Infection? Bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections are both common vaginal infections but have different causes. BV results from an imbalance in beneficial and harmful bacteria in the vagina, causing symptoms like unusual discharge and vaginal itchiness. On the other hand, yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of yeast in the vagina, leading to symptoms such as thick, white discharge, itchiness, and irritation. How Do You Know If You Have BV? You may have bacterial vaginosis if you notice symptoms such as thin, grey, or green vaginal discharge, a foul-smelling 'fishy' odour, and vaginal irritation or itching. How Do I Get BV to Go Away? Medical intervention is necessary to treat bacterial vaginosis effectively. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin, which can be administered orally as pills or topically as gels or creams for BV. Ensure to complete the full course of antibiotics for BV as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before finishing the medication. Refrain from sexual activity until bacterial vaginosis treatment is complete to prevent reinfection or spreading the infection to your partner. In some cases, bacterial vaginosis may recur, so follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider may be necessary to monitor and manage the condition effectively. Can Bacterial Vaginosis Go Away on Its Own? Yes, bacterial vaginosis can sometimes resolve on its own without medical treatment. Mild cases of BV may clear up without intervention, especially if the body's immune system restores the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina. How Long Does Bacterial Vaginosis Last? Bacterial vaginosis can vary in duration, but typically, it can last for a few days to a week or longer if left untreated. In some cases, BV may resolve on its own without treatment, especially in mild cases. However, if symptoms persist or recur, medical treatment is necessary to address the BV infection effectively. Proper bacterial vaginosis treatment with antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin, can help alleviate symptoms and clear the infection. However, even with appropriate treatment, BV can come back within a few months, with recurrence rates ranging from 30% to 50%. Therefore, it is essential to follow up with healthcare professionals and adhere to prescribed treatment regimens to manage and prevent recurrent BV. How to Prevent the Risk of BV? Bacterial vaginosis prevention strategies include: Practice safe sex: Consistently using condoms during sexual activity can reduce the risk of bacterial vaginosis. Limit sexual partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners can decrease the risk of BV transmission. Limit-scented products: Perfumed bath products, laundry detergents, and scented toilet paper can irritate the vagina and increase susceptibility to BV. Opt for unscented products. Maintain vaginal health: Eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and managing stress can support overall vaginal health, reducing the risk of BV. Can You Get Bacterial Vaginosis Multiple Times? Yes, it is common to experience recurrent bacterial vaginosis infections. Even after successful treatment, approximately half of those affected may have the condition return within 6 to 12 months. BV recurrence can be influenced by various factors such as sexual activity, douching, and hormonal changes. Proper management, including lifestyle adjustments and follow-up care, can help reduce the likelihood of recurrent BV. What are the complications of BV? Bacterial vaginosis can lead to various complications if left untreated. For instance: Increased risk of STIs such as herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and HIV. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Complications during pregnancy, including preterm delivery, early labour, and potential loss of pregnancy. Increased risk of post-gynecological procedure infections. Chronic discomfort and recurring episodes of BV. Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy Bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy can lead to complications such as: Preterm birth: BV increases the risk of premature delivery, which can result in health issues for the baby. Low birth weight: Babies born to mothers with BV may have a lower birth weight than those born to mothers without BV. Premature rupture of membranes: BV can cause the amniotic sac to break before labour begins, increasing the risk of infection and preterm birth. Uterine infection: BV may lead to infections in the uterus (endometritis), which can be dangerous for both the mother and the baby. When to See a Doctor About Bacterial Vaginosis? It is advisable to see a doctor if you experience symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, such as unusual vaginal discharge or odour. Additionally, pregnant individuals should seek medical attention if they suspect BV, as it can lead to complications during pregnancy. Conclusion If you are experiencing symptoms of bacterial vaginosis or have concerns about your reproductive health, do not hesitate to reach out to a medical professional. Seeking timely medical advice can provide relief, ensure proper treatment, and promote overall well-being. For reliable diagnostic services, consider Metropolis Labs, a trusted chain of diagnostic labs across India. Metropolis Labs specialises in pathology services, offering accurate blood and body fluid testing. Their qualified blood collection technicians provide convenient at-home visits for sample collection, with reports accessible online. Visit Metropolis Labs for comprehensive health check-ups and reliable diagnostic solutions.

What is Shingles? Shingles is a viral infection that can cause a rather painful skin rash that appears red, dark pink, dark brown, or purplish and can occur on one side of your body. Shingles usually look like a single stripe of red blisters along the right or left side of your torso. It is not life-threatening but can be very painful and lead to complications if left untreated. Shingles is also known as herpes zoster. Where Do Shingles Come From? Shingles occur due to the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that is already present in the body when you experience chickenpox as a child. Even though you can overcome chickenpox and its physical signs, this virus remains within the body and can reoccur as shingles as an adult. Who is at Risk of Getting Shingles? Individuals with weakened immune systems are more likely to suffer from shingles. This includes those: With weak immune symptoms Those who are over 50 years of age Who has suffered a recent illness Experiencing extreme physical or mental trauma Under stress Can You Get Shingles More Than Once? Contrary to popular belief, you can get shingles more than once. However, you will not get the shingles rash in the same place if you get shingles again. What Causes Shingles? One of the leading shingles causes is the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. What are the Symptoms of Shingles? Some early shingles symptoms include: Chills Fever Headache Sensitivity to light Stomach upset Feeling tired Secondary shingles symptoms include: Redness on your skin in the affected area A raised rash in a small region of your skin Mild to severe pain in the affected area A tingling, burning, or itching feeling on your skin What are the Stages of Shingles? Shingles can last anywhere between three and five weeks. Once the varicella-zoster virus is reactivated, you may feel the first signs of shingles like. Burning sensation Tingling Itchiness Numbness Fever and chills Body aches Light sensitivity Unusual tiredness This is also known as the pre-eruptive stage. Shingles can develop on one side of your body, most commonly around the waist, chest, or back. Within five days of the reactivation of the shingles virus, you may see the appearance of a red rash; this is the acute eruptive stage of shingles. Tiny groups of fluid-filled, oozing blisters appear in the area affected with shingles, and you may experience flu-like symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, and fever. Ten days after the shingles virus, these blisters dry and form scabs similar to chickenpox ones. These scabs usually clear out after a few weeks, but you may still experience pain even after they clear. Is Shingles Contagious? The National Health Services states that shingles are not contagious. Still, the virus that causes shingles can spread from one person to another and cause chickenpox if the individual has not previously had the condition. The varicella-zoster virus spreads when a healthy individual comes in contact with an oozing blister that appears in shingles. To prevent this, keep the area of the shingles rash clean and covered. If you touch a blister, it is best to wash your hands. How is Shingles Diagnosed? The primary care physician diagnoses shingles based on how the rash is distributed throughout the body. Shingles blisters may appear as a band around one side of the body. Scrapings of the rash or a swab of the fluid from the blisters can be sent to the laboratory for a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test to confirm the shingles diagnosis. How is Shingles Treated? There is no known cure for shingles, but your doctor will prescribe medicines to manage the symptoms of the disease and help prevent complications. Medication Shingles can be managed with two types of medications: antiviral and over-the-counter medications. Antiviral medicines help ease the discomfort of shingles and stop the shingles symptoms, especially if the shingles treatment is within 72 hours of the appearance of shingles symptoms. These medicines include Acyclovir, Famciclovir, or valacyclovir. Over-the-counter medicines like acetaminophen and ibuprofen help with shingles treatment and relieve the pain caused by shingles. If you develop a bacterial infection due to the shingles rash, your doctor may also prescribe antibacterial drugs or anti-inflammatory medicines. What are the Complications of Shingles? While shingles itself is painful and causes irritation, if left untreated, this condition can cause complications like: Eye damage if the rash or blister is too close to the eye Bacterial infection in the skin from open blisters Pneumonia Ramsay Hunt syndrome, if the shingles affect the nerves in the head, it also results in facial paralysis or hearing loss. Inflammation of the spinal cord causes meningitis or encephalitis. Is a Vaccine Available to Prevent Shingles? Currently, there are two shingles vaccines available in India. One is Zostavax, a live-attenuated vaccine used for adults 50 years or older. The second is Shingrix, a recombinant vaccine that has shown to be over 90% effective in preventing shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. How to Prevent Shingles? Getting the shingles vaccine is essential for shingles prevention. However, even if you have taken the vaccine, there is still a chance that you can get shingles. FAQ's What usually triggers shingles? When the dormant varicella-zoster virus gets triggered, it can cause shingles or herpes zoster. This often happens when the immune system is compromised. Other possible shingles triggers include stress, cancer treatment, HIV, organ transplant, taking immunosuppressants, or other medical reasons for reduced immunity. What are the first signs of shingles? Pain and a burning sensation on one side of your body are usually the first shingles symptoms. Is shingles airborne? The virus varicella-zoster, which is the cause of both shingles and chickenpox, is an airborne virus. The virus can spread if an individual with chicken pox or shingles sneezes or coughs around you or even shares a drinking glass or eating utensil. It can also spread by contact with the virus. Is shingles painful? The pain level experienced when an individual gets shingles can differ from low to extreme. Most people may only experience mild shingles symptoms, like tingling or itchiness of the skin, while others may experience pain without developing a rash. What is the difference between shingles and hives? The main difference between shingles and hives is the cause. The varicella-zoster virus is the main shingles cause, while hives result from an allergic reaction to something in the environment, a medication, or food. Conclusion Shingles/herpes zoster is a condition that is caused by the chickenpox virus varicella-zoster. It can cause a painful, red rash with a burning sensation. This rash may appear on different body parts like the torso, neck, or face. Regular checkups and diagnostic tests can help you maintain your health. Metropolis Labs offers a wide range of tests and health packages to help you take preventive measures to maintain good health.

What is Sickle Cell Anaemia?  In this condition, haemoglobin within the red blood cells is affected. Haemoglobin is an essential component of the blood and is responsible for carrying oxygen from your blood to other body parts. Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited blood disorder affecting red blood cells. Normal haemoglobin cells are flexible and round, which helps them move even through smaller blood vessels. However, in the case of sickle cell anaemia, the haemoglobin cells get a crescent shape known as haemoglobin S, which makes the cells rigid and lack flexibility, due to which the blood flow is restricted. This prevents vital oxygen from reaching vital organs and tissues throughout the body, which can lead to severe complications like pain, infection, and organ damage. Sickle cell anaemia is a lifelong condition, but there are treatment options that can help reduce symptoms of sickle cell anaemia.   What are the Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anaemia?  Sickle cell anaemia symptoms may appear in childhood by the age of 5 or 6 months. These sickle cell anaemia symptoms may vary, with some displaying mild symptoms while others showing more severe complications. Common sickle cell anaemia symptoms include: Frequent episodes of pain  Fatigue  Weakness  Paleness  Jaundice (yellow tint on the skin and whites of the eyes)  Swelling of the hands and feet  What are the Types of Sickle Cell Disease?  The sickle cell anaemia types depend on the genes a person inherits from their parents. For instance: Haemoglobin SS  This is the most severe form of sickle cell anaemia and can affect 65% of people with the condition. Anyone with this form of sickle cell anaemia usually inherits one gene with haemoglobin S from each parent. Most of their haemoglobin is abnormal, which causes chronic anaemia.   Haemoglobin SC  This mild to moderate sickle cell anaemia type can affect 25% of individuals suffering from sickle cell anaemia. In this case, you may have inherited only one haemoglobin S gene from one parent and another abnormal type haemoglobin C gene from the other parent.   Haemoglobin (HbS) beta thalassemia   People with beta thalassemia, a form of sickle cell anaemia, inherit only one haemoglobin S gene from one parent and another beta thalassemia gene from the other. This sickle cell anaemia type is divided into two forms: HbS beta+, which is very mild and can affect about 8% of individuals with sickle cell anaemia, and HbS beta 0, which affects 2% of individuals with sickle cell anaemia. The second form is much more severe and shows sickle cell anaemia symptoms similar to haemoglobin SS.  There are a few other forms of sickle cell anaemia, such as haemoglobin SD, SE, and which are very rare.   What Causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?  The primary sickle cell anaemia cause is a genetic mutation in the HBB gene. The function of this gene is the creation of part of the haemoglobin, and any mutation in the gene codes for abnormal haemoglobin. Those who inherit this disease in an autosomal recessive manner (i.e., parents do not have this condition) do not display sickle cell anaemia symptoms or signs. In this case, each child's parents carry one copy of the mutated gene, which can cause sickle cell anaemia.   What are the Risk Factors of Sickle Cell Anaemia?  Some ethnic groups are more likely to develop sickle cell anaemia as compared to others. These include: People of Middle Eastern, Asian, Indian, and Mediterranean descent  Hispanic Americans who hail from South or Central America  African descendants, among whom 1 in 12 individuals carry the sickle cell anaemia gene  What are the Complications of Sickle Cell Anaemia?  Sickle cell anaemia can affect different parts of the body. Some effects may be acute, meaning they start suddenly, while others are chronic and last a long time. Sickle cell anaemia symptoms begin early and remain lifelong.   Pain   This is one of the most common complications of sickle cell anaemia. As the sickled cells start to get stuck and block blood flow, this can cause an acute pain crisis, also known as a sickle cell crisis, Vaso-Occlusive Episode (VOE), or Vaso-Occlusive Crisis. Anaemia   Sickle cell anaemia causes red blood cells to die early, leading to acute cases of anaemia. In this case, there will not be enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body parody, causing the abovementioned symptoms. Acute Chest Syndrome   This is a life-threatening medical condition that can cause injury in the lungs, difficulty breathing, and low levels of oxygen in the rest of the body.  Blood Clots  If you have sickle cell anaemia, your cells are more likely to clot, which increases the chances of developing deep vein thrombosis, leading to pulmonary embolisms. Vision Problems   If the blood flow to your eyes gets blocked due to sickle cell anaemia, it can lead to vision loss and, in some cases, permanent blindness. Strokes  If the blood flow to your brain is hampered, your brain does not get the required amount of oxygen to function correctly, which in turn can lead to a stroke. Organ Damage  Individuals with sickle cell anaemia run the risk of issues related to the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other vital organs.   How is Sickle Cell Anaemia Diagnosed?  A sickle cell anaemia diagnosis can usually be given to newborn babies after a routine screening test. This test takes a small blood sample and checks for various conditions, including sickle cell anaemia. Prenatal testing may also give a positive or negative diagnosis.   How is Sickle Cell Anaemia Treated?   Sickle cell anaemia treatment can include medication, blood and marrow transplants, transfusions, and gene therapy. This treatment starts with antibiotics. Other medications like Voxelotor, Crizanlizumab, Hydroxyurea, and L-glutamine help reduce the symptoms of this condition. Your healthcare provider may suggest sickle cell anaemia treatments like acute transfusion or red blood cell transfusion to treat sickle cell anaemia and prevent complications. A stem cell transplant from a suitable donor can help cure sickle cell anaemia.    How Can I Prevent Sickle Cell Anaemia?  Sickle cell anaemia prevention is not always possible as it is a genetic disease. If you or your partner suffer from it, it is best to talk to your healthcare provider about genetic testing or counselling to understand the probability of passing the mutated gene to your children.   Conclusion   Sickle cell anaemia is a lifelong condition, but recent advances in healthcare have made huge strides in helping with its prevention and treatment. Regular diagnostic tests and genetic testing for babies and adults enable you to understand if you are at risk of developing this condition. Metropolis Labs provides world-class facilities and best-in-class diagnostic services in the comfort of your home so you can keep track of your health. Contact us today for more details.  

What is acromegaly? Acromegaly is an uncommon hormonal condition characterised by an overproduction of growth hormone, resulting in abnormal growth, particularly in the extremities such as the hands and feet. Who does acromegaly affect? Acromegaly can impact individuals of any age, though it is typically identified more frequently in middle-aged adults, with an average age of diagnosis around 40 years. How common is acromegaly? Acromegaly is a rare condition, occurring in 3 to 14 individuals per 100,000, or approximately 50 to 70 individuals per million. How does acromegaly affect my body? Acromegaly causes the accelerated growth of body tissues and bones, resulting in the gradual emergence of disproportionately large hands and feet, accompanied by a range of additional symptoms over time. What causes acromegaly? Acromegaly causes include overproduction of growth hormone (GH) for an extended period. The primary acromegaly cause in adults is usually a benign pituitary tumour (adenoma) that produces excess GH. Symptoms such as headaches and vision problems may arise due to the tumour pressing on nearby brain tissues. In rare cases, non pituitary tumours elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs or pancreas, can cause acromegaly by secreting GH or growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH). What are the symptoms of acromegaly? Common acromegaly symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, leading to difficulties in wearing previously fitting rings and shoes. Gradual alterations in facial shape may occur, such as a protruding lower jaw and brow bone, enlarged nose, thickened lips, and widened spacing between teeth. Acromegaly symptoms can vary among individuals and may encompass: Enlargement of hands and feet. Increased size of facial features like bones, lips, nose, and tongue. Coarse, oily, thickened skin. Excessive sweating and body odour. Presence of skin tags. Fatigue, muscle weakness, and joint pain. Deepened voice due to enlarged vocal cords and sinuses. Severe snoring from upper airway obstruction. Vision difficulties and persistent or severe headaches. Irregular menstrual cycles in women and erectile dysfunction in men. Decreased libido. How is acromegaly diagnosed? Without relying on specific tests, here's how acromegaly diagnosis is done: Patient History: The healthcare provider reviews medical background, focusing on symptoms like changes in appearance, joint discomfort, or vision issues. Physical Examination: Conducted to identify signs such as enlarged extremities, facial alterations, and skin abnormalities. Symptom Observation: Diagnosis inferred from symptoms and physical characteristics, although they may be subtle or overlap with other conditions. Clinical Assessment: Diagnosis based on the healthcare provider's judgement, considering characteristic features and suggestive symptoms of acromegaly. What tests will be done to diagnose acromegaly? Acromegaly diagnosis involves various assessments and tests: Blood tests to measure growth hormone (GH) levels, often supplemented with a glucose tolerance test. Testing for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to assess abnormal growth. Imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI scans, and sonograms to identify excess bone growth and detect tumours. Following diagnosis, MRI and CT scans aid in locating and determining the size of pituitary tumours. If no pituitary tumour is found, doctors may search for tumours elsewhere in the body contributing to excessive GH production. Despite estimated prevalence rates, acromegaly often goes undiagnosed, leading to potential underestimation of affected individuals. How is acromegaly treated? Acromegaly treatment typically involves a combination of surgical intervention and medications. Surgery for Acromegaly: Transsphenoidal surgery: This common approach involves removing the pituitary tumour through the nasal passage to extract as much of the tumour as possible while preserving normal pituitary function. Medications for Acromegaly: Somatostatin analogues: Drugs such as octreotide and lanreotide are administered via injections to reduce the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Dopamine agonists: Medications like cabergoline may be used, particularly if the tumour secretes both growth hormone and prolactin. Growth hormone receptor antagonists: Injectable drugs like pegvisomant block the action of growth hormone, lowering IGF-1 levels and managing symptoms. Other medications: In some cases, combinations of drugs like cabergoline or pegvisomant with somatostatin analogues may be prescribed to achieve better control over growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Other acromegaly treatments include Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy may be considered if surgery is not feasible or if the tumour persists after surgery. It involves targeted radiation to shrink or destroy tumour cells. Stereotactic radiosurgery (gamma knife) delivers focused radiation to the tumour, minimising damage to surrounding tissues. Is acromegaly curable? In certain cases, acromegaly can be cured, although not in all instances. Surgical removal of a pituitary tumour causing acromegaly yields approximately an 85% success rate for small tumours and around 40% to 50% for large tumours. What is the outlook for acromegaly? The outlook for acromegaly varies based on factors such as treatment effectiveness and the presence of complications. Surgical removal of pituitary tumours, especially small ones, can result in a favourable outcome for many patients. Long-term management through medications or radiation therapy helps control symptoms and prevent complications. What are the complications of acromegaly? Untreated acromegaly can result in various complications, including: Cardiovascular issues Arthritis Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance Hypertension Vision impairments Additionally, the condition increases the likelihood of developing colon polyps, which are small growths on the colon lining and can potentially lead to colorectal cancer. When to see a doctor? If you notice any of the following symptoms associated with acromegaly, it's recommended to consult a doctor: Observable alterations in physical appearance like enlarged hands, feet, or facial features. Ongoing joint pain or discomfort. Vision difficulties, including changes in peripheral vision or trouble focusing. Symptoms indicative of hormonal imbalances, such as fatigue, excessive sweating, or irregular menstrual cycles. Conclusion Acromegaly, a rare hormonal disorder, leads to symptoms like enlarged extremities, facial features, joint discomfort, and vision issues. Diagnosis involves a medical history review, physical examination, and tests. Acromegaly treatment includes surgery and medication, with long-term management often necessary. Untreated acromegaly can cause complications like cardiovascular problems, arthritis, and increased cancer risk. We at Metropolis Labs provide accurate health check-ups and testing facility. Our labs are successfully functioning all across India. You can avail our at-home testing facilities, if you are not willing to step out of your house. Schedule your test today with us.

What is Klinefelter syndrome? Klinefelter syndrome is a type of genetic condition in which an extra X chromosome is present in the genetic code. In general, individuals have 46 chromosomes, including the XX (female) and XY (male) chromosomes. However, in the case of Klinefelter syndrome in males, the individual has an extra X chromosome, making the total 47. Klinefelter syndrome is a condition that you are born with, and the Klinefelter syndrome symptoms you display may be different from that of another individual. Many people might receive a Klinefelter syndrome diagnosis early in life, but some do not even know they have Klinefelter syndrome till adulthood when they experience symptoms like infertility. Today, most cases of Klinefelter syndrome can be identified through prenatal genetic screening. How common is Klinefelter syndrome? Klinefelter syndrome is a common condition, with 1 in 600 males with the genetic abnormality. However, it is believed that almost 70% to 80% of these individuals may not be aware that they have Klinefelter syndrome. What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome? Your Klinefelter syndrome symptoms may vary in severity based on how many extra X chromosomes you have. Some people with Klinefelter syndrome may display several of the below-mentioned symptoms, while others may not show any apparent signs. Klinefelter syndrome symptoms are categorised into physical and neurological types. Physical Klinefelter syndrome symptoms Physical Klinefelter syndrome symptoms affect the body and how it works. Males with Klinefelter syndrome may have: A smaller penis Undescended testicles Flat feet Atypical body proportions, for example, can be tall with long legs and a shorter trunk Coordination issues Testicular issues, including the lack of sperm or testosterone creation Weak bone structure, increasing the risk of fractures Risk of blood clots Fertility issues Neurological Klinefelter syndrome symptoms Neurological Klinefelter syndrome symptoms include learning differences, mental health issues, and behavioural issues. Including: Anxiety Social, emotional, or behavioural issues Learning difficulties, especially when reading and language challenges Impulsive behaviour Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Speech delay Autism spectrum disorder Depression What causes Klinefelter syndrome? Klinefelter syndrome is when the individual has an extra X chromosome in their genetic code. This can happen in three different ways. Klinefelter syndrome causes include: If there is an extra X chromosome present in the sperm There is an extra X chromosome in the egg The cells divide incorrectly during foetal development, in which case some cells and not all have extra X chromosomes. What are the complications of Klinefelter syndrome? Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome may develop metabolic conditions such as: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension/High Blood Pressure Obesity High cholesterol High triglycerides Other Klinefelter syndrome complications include: Breast cancer Tremors Osteoporosis Gynecomastia Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease Seizures How is Klinefelter syndrome diagnosed? Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed at multiple stages of an individual's life, such as: During foetal development, when running genetic tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling During childhood or teenage years when your healthcare provider may notice abnormal growth or delayed development (during puberty) During adulthood, if you have to test for fertility issues such as low testosterone Most people with mild cases of Klinefelter syndrome may not display any Klinefelter syndrome symptoms, thus never knowing they have this condition. What tests can help diagnose Klinefelter syndrome? Genetic tests that aim to detect and identify extra X chromosomes help diagnose Klinefelter syndrome. Karyotyping is one of the most commonly used genetic tests where a blood sample is collected and studied to determine the number and type of chromosomes present in the cells. Karyotyping can be used for children, adults and even foetuses before birth. Children with Klinefelter syndrome may also need to undergo neuropsychological testing regularly to identify any learning challenges and help educators navigate the issue effectively. What are the treatment options for Klinefelter Syndrome? As this condition is something you are born with, Klinefelter syndrome treatment revolves around emanating the symptoms and not curing or getting rid of them. Klinefelter syndrome treatment options include Hormone Replacement As individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have issues with fertility and the production of testosterone, Klinefelter syndrome medication can help regulate hormones and minimise some of the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome. Some people with Klinefelter syndrome may not start puberty, while others may start it but stop midway or regress. This may happen because the testicles "fail" and are not able to create sperm or testosterone. Most healthcare providers may suggest testosterone injections for smaller kids and teenagers, while adults with Klinefelter syndrome may need other Klinefelter syndrome treatment options, such as testosterone gels or patches. The main goals of hormone replacement therapy are: more facial and body hair a deeper voice increasing muscle strength increasing bone health increased sexual desire improved mood, overall mental health, and self-image Therapy As part of your Klinefelter syndrome treatment, you may need to visit: A speech therapist to aid in speech development Physical therapist to build muscles Occupational therapists for better skill and coordination Family, educational, or behavioural therapist for psychological support. Surgery Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to develop extra breast tissue that is likely to stay. If the extra tissue causes grief, your doctor may suggest gynecomastia surgery to get rid of the excess tissue. Is Klinefelter syndrome preventable? As Klinefelter syndrome is due to a change in your genetic code, it is almost impossible to prevent. What is the outlook for Klinefelter syndrome? If you or your child receive a Klinefelter syndrome diagnosis, you should meet a genetic counsellor as soon as possible. You may also need to visit an endocrinologist who will advise you on when to start testosterone replacement therapy or other treatment options. How long can a person live with Klinefelter syndrome? Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome can live an entire, happy, healthy life by taking the Klinefelter syndrome treatment. When to see a doctor? Parents should schedule a visit to their healthcare provider if they notice developmental delays like crawling, learning to walk, or talking. In the teenage years, if you see your child has any of the mentioned physical symptoms, such as short torsos, long legs, or is taller than average, then visit the doctor without any delay. Adults with Klinefelter syndrome should visit the doctor if they notice any new symptoms or a change in existing symptoms. Conclusion After learning that your child has Klinefelter syndrome do not panic. With the help of your healthcare provider, regular testing, and therapy, those with Klinefelter syndrome can live a healthy life. We at Metropolis Labs provide reliable health check-ups and testing facilities. For those who are not willing to step out of their house, we also provide an at-home testing facility. Experts collect the sample from your home and the accurate results are shared with you at either Metropolis labs app or online via email.

What is Impetigo? Impetigo is a common bacterial infection of the skin. It can affect anyone but is most commonly found in children with sensitive skin conditions or adults with weakened immune systems and diseases like diabetes. Impetigo causes the formation of sores and blisters that appear differently depending on the stage of the infection and the part of the body it affects. Impetigo is a highly contagious skin disease caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pyogenes that affect the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). The Impetigo bacteria often enters the body through open cuts, insect bites, or other rashes. However, there have been rare cases in children who showed impetigo symptoms even when they had no prior injury or breakage of skin. Impetigo often occurs in warmer months when children play outside. What are the types of Impetigo? There are three major impetigo types, including: Non-bullous Impetigo This is the earliest stage of Impetigo and the most common type. This stage of Impetigo is characterised by developing one or multiple impetigo sores that itch and quickly burst the skin that has broken open will appear red or raw glands near these sores are often swollen a honey-coloured crust forms over the impetigo sores, but this skin quickly heels without leaving any scars Bullous Impetigo This is rarer than Impetigo and is more commonly found in infants. Approximately 90% of all bullous impetigo cases can be found in children below the age of two years. This type of Impetigo is identified with: Large, fluid-filled blisters on the child's skin Blisters that have become clean and limp before breaking open Crust formation over the sores Ecthyma When any of the above impetigo types are left untreated, they can evolve into ecthyma. This kind of Impetigo infection goes deeper into the child's skin, and the stages involve: Painful blisters that form deep open sores development of thick crusts on the skin with redness around the infected area lingering scars even after the epidermis has healed because the Impetigo infection seeps more deeply into the skin What are the symptoms of Impetigo? Initial impetigo symptoms include the formation of discoloured sores on your child's skin, which can be found in clusters around the nose and lips. The impetigo rash appears red or pink on lighter skin tones, while darker skin tones get a dark red, purple, brown, or grey rash. The Impetigo sores proliferate into more prominent blisters that can ooze, burst, and form a yellowish crust. These clusters of Impetigo blisters can also expand and cover more area on the skin. Impetigo sores are often itchy and painful and can form discoloured marks once the crust phase is completed. What are the causes of Impetigo? Certain types of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (which causes 80% of non-bullous impetigo cases) and group A streptococcus (which causes 10% of non-bullous Impetigo instances), are the main Impetigo causes. Impetigo infection may occur when one of the bacteria mentioned above enters the child's body through a scrape, cut, insect bite, or rash. Once the bacteria enters the body, impetigo symptoms may appear as inflammation on the skin. Impetigo can also occur when your child scratches some form of rash, like chickenpox or eczema, where the skin breaks, giving way for the bacteria to enter. Impetigo in adults occurs because of breakage in the skin, as mentioned above, and other health conditions, such as tattoo infections, scabies, and herpes. Is Impetigo contagious? Impetigo is a highly contagious disease that can be caught through skin-to-skin contact. You may develop symptoms if you come in contact with open sores, nasal discharge, or mucus of someone infected with Impetigo. This is one of the most common Impetigo causes in children and athletes. Sharing personal items like clothing or towels can also cause the spread of the disease. What are the risk factors? Impetigo can develop in anyone, but certain groups of people are more susceptible to impetigo infections. These include children and adults who: live in places that are humid and warm stay in crowded places for more extended periods, like daycare centres, schools or training facilities have compromised immune systems have diabetes suffer from skin conditions like dermatitis, psoriasis, or eczema have insect bites or rash from poison ivy have itchy infections like scabies, herpes simplex, or lice Age is another important risk factor, as Impetigo is more common among kids between 2 and 5. What are the complications of Impetigo? Impetigo is a mild infection; it may turn serious if left untreated for an extended period. Following infections and harmful immune responses are the main impetigo complications: Soft tissue infection Toxic shock syndrome Rheumatic fever Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Adults pose a higher risk of complications related to Impetigo, including: Cellulitis Sepsis Lymphangitis Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis How is Impetigo diagnosed? You may be diagnosed with Impetigo based on how the skin sores look. A skin sample may be sent to the labs for a skin culture, which helps confirm the diagnosis and determine the right antibiotic for the infection. How do you treat Impetigo? Antibiotics are the most common option for impetigo treatment. Your healthcare provider will prescribe topical impetigo therapy, in which an antibiotic ointment is applied directly to the child's skin. However, if the infection has spread to a larger portion of the skin, you may also need to take oral impetigo medication like cephalosporins, sulfamethoxazole, or clindamycin. When to see a doctor? Minor Impetigo infections can go away on their own; however, if the infection develops into deeper or more serious wounds and punctures, you may need to see a doctor. Can I prevent Impetigo? Maintaining good hygiene is one of the best ways to prevent Impetigo infection. Regular baths and hand washing can reduce the amount of bacteria on your skin. The best way to avoid the spread of the rash is to cover the area with an open Impetigo wound or bug bite. Keep your nails clean and clipped, avoid scratching open sores that can cause the spread of the infection, and wash everything that comes in contact with the impetigo sores. Conclusion Impetigo is a highly contagious skin condition caused by bacteria. Most cases can heal independently without impetigo treatment, by taking the proper precautions and following good hygiene. However, more severe impetigo symptoms may require you to visit a doctor and get a skin culture to determine the impetigo cause, followed by a treatment plan. Metropolis Labs India is the leading diagnostic service that provides convenient at-home and in-lab tests. Contact us today to set up your appointment.