1. Atomic Absorption System

Atomic absorption absorption spectroscopy (AA or AAS) is one of the commonest instrumental methods for analyzing for metals and some metalloids.

Eg-aluminium, arsenic, nickel etc

2. Column Chromatography

It is a type of chromatography in which the stationary phase, a solid adsorbent, is placed in a vertical glass (usually) column and the mobile phase, a liquid, is added to the top. This liquid then flows down through the column (by either gravity or external pressure). An equilibrium is established between the solute adsorbed on the adsorbent and the eluting solvent flowing down through the column. Because the different components in the mixture have different interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, they will be carried along with the mobile phase to varying degrees and a separation will be achieved. The individual components, or elutants, are collected as the solvent drips from the bottom of the column. Column chromatography is separated into two categories, depending on how the solvent flows down the column. If the solvent is allowed to flow down the column by gravity, or percolation, it is called gravity column chromatography. If the solvent is forced down the column by positive air pressure, it is called flash chromatography. Column chromatography is generally used as a purification technique: it isolates desired compounds from a mixture.

3. Electro Chemiluminescence Immunoassay

It is based on the technique of using streptavidin coated solid phase along with ruthenium complex labeled antibodies for detection of analyates. The sample, the biotinylated antibodies, antibodies labeled ruthenium complex, and streptavidin coated micro particles are mixed into a reaction cup and incubated. The reaction mixture is aspirated into an electrochemical measuring cell, and unbound conjugate are washed away by TPA and a magnet. Electrical current is then used to excite the ruthenium complex and initiate signal generation to detect the antigen-antibody complexes in the sample.

4. Electrophoresis

This method involves the separation of charged compounds based on their electrical charge. When a voltage is applied to a salt solution, an electric current is produced by the flow of ions.

Eg-hemoglobin, protein electrophoresis

10. Chromatography

It is a separation method based on different interactions of the specimen compounds with the mobile phase and stationary phase as the compounds travel through a support medium. Compounds interacting more strongly with stationary phase are retained longer in the medium than those that form the mobile phase.

11. Enzyme immunoassay

This type of immunoassay employs the used of enzyme labeled antibodies for the detection of antigen/antibodies in the sample. The enzyme catalyzes a color reaction when exposed to the substrate.

12. FPIA Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay

In this assay, fluorescein-labelled drug competes with unlabelled drug for antibody. On excitation of the sample with plane polarized light (490 nm), fluorescein emits plane polarized light (520 nm). Small, free drug-fluorescein, rotates faster leading to less emission while larger, antibody-drug-fluorescein, rotates slower and produces more emission. Thus, more drug in the sample; less fluorescein labelled drug bound to antibody; lower emission of plane polarized light.

13. Immunoturbidometry

This measures the reduction in light transmission caused by particle formation.

Eg-C3, C4, ASO

14. Nephelometry

It refers to the measurement of light scattered by a particulate solution. It measures the concentration of a solution that contains particles too large for absorption spectroscopy. It is important in measuring Antigen-Antibody reactions.

Eg-Kappa, lambda light chains

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15. Real Time PCR

It is the amplification of specific pathogen of interest by method of polymerase chain reaction to be able to detect it and quantitate it as the reaction is progressing (in real time). It is also called as "Sequential Detection System".

Eg-HIV,HBV,HCV

16. Western Blot

A Western blot is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry to detect protein in a complex mixture of biomolecules using specific probes such as a antibody or streptavidin specific to a protein or a protein tag such as the hexa-histidine, biotin, c-myc or FLAG tag.The name is a pun off the name Southern blot, a technique for DNA detection developed earlier by Edwin Southern. Detection of RNA is termed Northern blotting.

Eg-HIV 1&2

17. CLIA Chemiluminiscent Immunoassay

This technique involves using chemiluminiscent substrates that react with various enzymes employed as labels. The chemiluminiscent enzyme reaction generates light and involves use of natural substrates such as luciferin -adenosine triphosphate.,

Eg-FSH, prolactin, LH etc

18. ELFA Enzyme linked Fluorescent Assay

This assay is similar to EIA except that the enzyme catalyzes a fluorescence, not a color reaction.

19. GC Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is a chromatographic technique that can be used to separate volatile organic compounds. A gas chromatograph consists of a flowing mobile phase, an injection port, a separation column containing the stationary phase, and a detector. The organic compounds are separated due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile gas phase and the stationary phase in the column.